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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for economics of crime
109 results foundAuthor: Ehrlich, Isaac Title: Taxing Guns vs. Taxing Crime: An Application of the "Market for Offenses Model" Summary: The interaction between offenders and potential victims has so far received relatively little attention in the literature on the economics of crime. The main objective of this paper is twofold: to extend the "market for offenses model" to deal with both product and factor markets, and to apply it to the case where guns are used for crime commission by offenders and for self-protection by potential victims. This analysis offers new insights about the association between crime and guns and the limits it imposes on the efficacy of law enforcement and regulatory policies aimed to control both crime and guns. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010. 35p. Source: Internet Resource; NBER Working Paper Series; Working Paper 16009 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118566 Keywords: Crime ControlEconomics of CrimeGun ViolenceGuns |
Author: Pereznieto, Paola Title: The Economic Impact of School Violence: A Report for Plan International Summary: The research, carried out by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), reveals the enormous economic and social cost of violence in schools across the world. Focused on three types of violence in schools – corporal punishment, bullying and sexual violence – it found the total cost of school violence in terms of social benefits lost in just 13 countries for which information is available ran to almost $60 billion. The research found that children who experience violence at school are likely to earn less, be in greater need of healthcare and other services, and long-term, contribute less to their countries’ economies. It says that the problem is a significant barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goals - as it leads to truancy, under-performance and high drop-out rates. No country is immune from the blight of school violence and eradicating it takes commitment and resources. But failing to invest in it costs considerably more. Details: London: Plan International and Overseas Development Institute, 2010. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2010 at: http://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/economic-impact-of-school-violence-report Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/economic-impact-of-school-violence-report Shelf Number: 120166 Keywords: BullyingCorporal PunishmentEconomics of CrimeSchool CrimeSchool ViolenceSexual Violence |
Author: Han, Lu Title: Economic Analyses of Crime in England and Wales Summary: This thesis includes three empirical studies detecting the determinants of crime in England and Wales. We firstly apply time series analyses to look for cointegrating relationships between property crimes and unemployment as well as law enforcement instruments. We extend our study by employing panel data and corresponding techniques to control for area-specific fixed effects as well as the endogeneity of law enforcement variables. In our third study, we allow crime rate to have spatial spillover effect, in other words, the crime rate in one area is affected by, in addition to its local crime-influential factors, the crime rates and crime-related factors in its neighbouring areas. We demonstrate this result by constructing a theoretical model and testing it by applying spatial analysis regressions. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: First, property crimes are better explained by economic models of crime than violent crimes. Second, law enforcement instruments always have negative effects on both property and violent crimes, indicating their deterrence and incapacitation effects as predicted. Third, social-economic factors, such as unemployment and income level, have two effects on property crimes: opportunity and motivation. Their net effects on property crime rates depend on the type of crime as well as the time period being examined. And finally, there is indeed spillover effect existing in crime rate. For burglary, theft and handling, and robbery, the crime rate in one area is positively and significantly correlated with the crime rates from its neighbouring areas. Furthermore, the crime rate of sexual offences of one area is negatively related to such crime rates in neighbouring areas. Details: Birmingham, UK: Department of Economics, Birmingham Business School, College of Social Science, University of Birmingham, 2009. 261p. Source: Internet Resource: Doctoral Thesis: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/584/3/han10PhD.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/584/3/han10PhD.pdf Shelf Number: 120294 Keywords: Economics of CrimeProperty CrimeSocioeconomic StatusUnemployment and Crime |
Author: Fagan, Jeffrey Title: Incarceration and the Economic Fortunes of Urban Neighborhoods Summary: New research has identified the consequences of high rates of incarceration on neighborhood crime rates, but few studies have looked beyond crime to examine the collateral effects of incarceration on the social and economic well being of the neighborhoods themselves and their residents. We assess two specific indicia of neighborhood economic well-being, household income and human capital, dimensions that are robust predictors of elevated crime, enforcement and incarceration rates. We decompose incarceration effects by neighborhood racial composition and socio-economic conditions to account for structural disadvantages in labor force and access to wealth that flow from persistent patterns of residential segregation. We use panel methods to examine the effects on incarceration on New York City census tracts over an 11 year period from 1985-1996, a period which saw crime rates rise and fall sharply, and when incarceration rates increased and remained high in concentrated areas throughout the city. We examine whether persistently high incarceration rates erode human capital and depress median household incomes, further intensifying incarceration risks and threatening to create conditions where incarceration and economic disadvantage become endogenous features of certain neighborhoods. We find distinct but overlapping effects for prisons and jails, suggesting that these are parallel processes produced by loosely coupled law enforcement priorities. Incarceration effects are greater for household income than human capital, suggesting a complex relationship between persistent poverty, residential segregation, and incarceration that reinforces a classic poverty trap. Household incomes are lower over time in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African American population, even after controlling for the effects of race on incarceration, but we find no similar effects for Hispanic populations. Spatially targeted policies such as microinvestment and housing development may be needed offset the local embeddedness of poverty and disrupt its connections to incarceration and crime, while education policy and transitional labor market networking can strengthen local human capital. Details: New York: Columbia Law School, 2010. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Columbia Public Law Research Paper No. 11-266: Accessed March 11, 2011 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1772190 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1772190 Shelf Number: 120971 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics of CrimeImprisonmentIncarcerationNeighborhoods and CrimeSocioeconomic StatusUrban Areas |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. National Drug Intelligence Center Title: The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society Summary: In 2007, the cost of illicit drug use totaled more than $193 billion. Direct and indirect costs attributable to illicit drug use are estimated in three principal areas: crime, health, and productivity. Details: Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center, 2011. 123p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs44/44731/44731p.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs44/44731/44731p.pdf Shelf Number: 121944 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDrug Abuse and Addiction (U.S.)Economics of Crime |
Author: Geopolicity Title: The Economics of Piracy: Pirate Ransoms and Livelihoods Off the Coast of Somalia Summary: In 2011, Geopolicity established a global economic model for assessing the costs and benefits of international piracy; adding significantly to the debate on the causes and consequences of piracy. This model provides a comprehensive, independent framework of trend analysis, whilst also highlighting across the ‘Pirate Value Chain’ (PVC) where the greatest rates of return on international counter pirate investment and policy are to be found. The model includes (i) cost-benefit analysis at the individual pirate level, based on existing socioeconomic and market data (ii) the aggregate costs and benefits at the international systems level and (iii) comprehensive data on the resurgence of piracy by functional classification and sovereign jurisdiction; to include trend, comparator and predictive analysis. Further research, based on aggregating all existing secondary data into a common analytical and diagnostic platform, as well as on the ground research in coastal communities is urgently needed, and would provide, for the first time, a strong understanding of the economics of piracy. Details: Road Town, British Virgin Islands: Geopolicity, 2011. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 7, 2011 at: http://www.geopolicity.com/upload/content/pub_1305229189_regular.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Somalia URL: http://www.geopolicity.com/upload/content/pub_1305229189_regular.pdf Shelf Number: 121994 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisEconomics of CrimePirates/PiracyRansoms |
Author: Schneider, Friedrich , Bruck, Tilman, Meierrieks, Daniel Title: The Economics of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: A Survey (Part II) Summary: This survey provides an in-depth analysis of existing research on the economic analysis of terrorism and counter-terrorist measures. First the existing evidence on the causes of terrorism is analyzed, then we consider the evidence of the consequences of terrorism and we demonstrate why it is important to regarding of the issue of counter-terrorism policy. Moreover the survey presents the existing knowledge on the interrelation between the economy and the issue of security and it incorporates analysis the level of knowledge about the causal chains between security and the economy. Also it focuses on perspective and methodologies from the discipline of economics but also refers to research from related disciplines (sociology, political science). It also assembles the knowledge on the impact of terrorism on the economy as reflected in macro-economic variables and its impact on specific sectors. Furthermore it assesses how potential an actual terrorist event determine consumer and producer behaviour, public policy, as well as terrorist responses to these policies. Finally a European perspective on the terrorism security annexes is discussed and here we analyze the causes of terrorism in Europe. Details: Berlin: Economics of Security, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Economics of Security Working Paper Series no. 45: Accessed August 16, 2011 at: http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.372925.de/diw_econsec0045.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.372925.de/diw_econsec0045.pdf Shelf Number: 122411 Keywords: Counter-TerrorismEconomics of CrimeTerrorism |
Author: Schneider, Friedrich , Bruck, Tilman, Meierrieks, Daniel Title: The Economics of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: A Survey (Part I) Summary: This survey provides an in-depth analysis of existing research on the economic analysis of terrorism and counter-terrorist measures. First the existing evidence on the causes of terrorism is analyzed, then we consider the evidence of the consequences of terrorism and we demonstrate why it is important to regarding of the issue of counter-terrorism policy. Moreover the survey presents the existing knowledge on the interrelation between the economy and the issue of security and it incorporates analysis the level of knowledge about the causal chains between security and the economy. Also it focuses on perspective and methodologies from the discipline of economics but also refers to research from related disciplines (sociology, political science). It also assembles the knowledge on the impact of terrorism on the economy as reflected in macro-economic variables and its impact on specific sectors. Furthermore it assesses how potential an actual terrorist event determine consumer and producer behaviour, public policy, as well as terrorist responses to these policies. Finally a European perspective on the terrorism security annexes is discussed and here we analyze the causes of terrorism in Europe. Details: Munich, Germany: Institute for Economic Research, 2010. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: CESifo Working Paper No. 3011: Accessed August 16, 2011 at: http://www.cesifo-group.de/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1185552.PDF Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.cesifo-group.de/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1185552.PDF Shelf Number: 122412 Keywords: Counter-TerrorismEconomics of CrimeTerrorism (Europe) |
Author: Faure, Michael G. Title: Law and Economics of Environmental Crime: a Survey Summary: In the economic analysis of law, much attention has been paid to the instruments to be used for the control of environmental pollution. However, lawyers seem to focus mainly on environmental standards (emission standards and quality standards) and on the question of how these standards should be set, whereas economists (mostly interested in environmental economics) focus mainly on 'economic instruments' (emission trading and taxes). Environmental law is often categorised as administrative law. However, in practice the whole body of environmental law is, to a large extent, also criminal law. The usual way in which environmental law is structured consists of the imposition on industry of specific administrative requirements, specifying the permissible amounts and quality of polluting emissions, and the punishment, as environmental crimes, of violations of these requirements. In legal literature, much attention has been paid to the way in which the law should use penal sanctions to deter environmental pollution, but environmental criminal law has not, so far, been very often subjected to an economic analysis. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the way in which traditional theories on the economics of crime have been applied to environmental criminal law. We will therefore begin by addressing the question of why, according to the economist literature criminal law should at all be used to deter environmental pollution. An inevitable question in that respect, obviously, is whether other instruments, such as civil liability, would not suffice for the deterrence of environmental pollution (§ 2). In addition, we will address the manner in which the literature on the economics of crime relates to environmental pollution (§ 3). The paper also looks at what the optimal penalties for environmental pollution would be (§ 4). Moreover, in practice it can be observed that there is an increasing interest in administrative penal law. Hence, the question arises as to why, in some cases, administrative law might provide better results than criminal law (§ 5). In addition, given that environmental crimes are committed mostly within the corporate sphere, it is necessary to ask whether criminal law should be applied to companies and/or to individual actors. (§ 6). Thus, our paper attempts to provide a survey of the literature concerning the way in which criminal law has been, and can be, used in the fight against environmental pollution. Details: Zurich: Swiss Institute of Technology, 2003. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 2, 2011 at: http://www.hertig.ethz.ch/LE_2004_files/Papers/Faure_Environmental_Crime.pdf Year: 2003 Country: International URL: http://www.hertig.ethz.ch/LE_2004_files/Papers/Faure_Environmental_Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 122588 Keywords: Economics of CrimeOffenses Against the EnvironmentPollution |
Author: Gutierrez Sanin, Francisco Title: Stupid and Expensive? A critique of the costs-of-violence literature Summary: This paper considers the impact of war and violence from a perspective of economic development. The author highlights conceptual issues that have often been disregarded in the costs-of-violence literature and outlines distinctions between bullionist, deadweight and distributive approaches. The paper examines key trends emerging from the existing literature and considers Colombia and Peru as case studies. The author concludes that a more careful approach to the data when assessing the costs of war could assist in understanding how and why war may on occasion lead to patterns of increased growth and welfare and how this could better inform policy interventions. Details: London: Crisis States Research Center, 2009. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Crisis States Working Papers Series No. 2, No. 48: Accessed November 9, 2011 at: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/crisisStates/download/wp/wpSeries2/WP482.pdf Year: 2009 Country: South America URL: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/crisisStates/download/wp/wpSeries2/WP482.pdf Shelf Number: 123273 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeViolence |
Author: Mennella, Antonella Title: Informal Social Networks, Organised Crime and Local Labour Market Summary: This paper’s purpose is to show a new informal social networks interpretation, according to which social networks change their nature if they are located in social contexts where organised crime is relevant. Here the perusal of a social network is just a necessary condition to enter the labour market rather than a deliberate choice. Moreover this labour market is the ground where favouritisms and social and electoral consensus policies take place. The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 presents a short review of the literature on informal social networks in labour market, Section 3 focuses on Italian economic literature on organised crime. The subsequent section highlights the new concept of informal social networks and explains the introduction of organised crime in the relationship between informal channels and labour market. The theoretical model, with the new three hypothesis, is developed in Section 5. Section 6 presents the econometric estimates and Section 7 closes the paper. Details: Rome: Dipartimento di Economia Università degli Studi Roma Tre Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 126: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://dipeco.uniroma3.it/public/WP%20126%20Mennella%202011.pdf Year: 0 Country: Italy URL: http://dipeco.uniroma3.it/public/WP%20126%20Mennella%202011.pdf Shelf Number: 123551 Keywords: Economics of CrimeEmployment and CrimeOrganized Crime (Italy)Social Networks |
Author: Pinotti, Paolo Title: The Economic Costs of Organized Crime: Evidence from Southern Italy Summary: I examine the post-war economic development of two regions in southern Italy exposed to mafia activity after the 1970s and apply synthetic control methods to estimate their counterfactual economic performance in the absence of organized crime. The synthetic control is a weighted average of other regions less affected by mafia activity that mimics the economic structure and outcomes of the regions of interest several years before the advent of organized crime. The comparison of actual and counterfactual development shows that the presence of mafia lowers GDP per capita by 16%, at the same time as murders increase sharply relative to the synthetic control. Evidence from electricity consumption and growth accounting suggest that lower GDP reflects a net loss of economic activity, due to the substitution of private capital with less productive public investment, rather than a mere reallocation from the official to the unofficial sector. Details: Milan, Italy: Universita Bocconi, 2012. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2012 at: https://irvapp.fbk.eu/sites/irvapp.fbk.eu/files/irvapp_seminar_2013_01_pinotti_paper.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Italy URL: http://www.frdb.org/upload/file/MILLS/Paper_Pinotti_2012.pdf Shelf Number: 124623 Keywords: Economics of CrimeMafiaOrganized Crime (Italy) |
Author: Entorf, Horst Title: Certainty and Severity of Sanctions in Classical and Behavioral Models of Deterrence: A Survey Summary: This survey summarizes the classical fundamentals of modern deterrence theory, covers major theoretical and empirical findings on the impact of certainty and severity of punishment (and the interplay thereof) as well as underlying methodological problems, gives an overview of limitations and extensions motivated by recent findings of behavioral economics and discusses ‘rational’ deterrence strategies in subcultural societies. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2012. 22p. Source: IZA Discussion Paper No. 6516: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2012 at http://ftp.iza.org/dp6516.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6516.pdf Shelf Number: 125378 Keywords: DeterrenceEconomics of Crime |
Author: Kooten, G. Cornelis van Title: Elephant Economics in the Rough: Modelling Ivory Trade Summary: Trade in ivory is banned under CITES in an effort to protect the African elephant. The trade ban is supported by some range states, most notably Kenya, because they see the ban as an effective means for protecting a ‘flagship’ species, one that attracts tourists and foreign aid. It is opposed by some states, mainly in southern Africa, because their elephant populations are exceeding the capacity of local ecosystems with culling and other sources have resulted in the accumulation of large stocks of ivory. They argue that ivory trade will benefit elephant populations. The question of whether an ivory trade ban will protect elephant populations is addressed in this paper using a dynamic partial-equilibrium model that consists of four ivory exporting regions and a single demand region. Results indicate that a trade ban can be successful in maintaining elephant populations if the ban leads to a stigma effect that reduces demand and increases the marginal costs of marketing ivory. Surprisingly, elephant populations are projected to crash if range states can operate an effective quota scheme that even excludes poaching. However, free trade in ivory can be made to protect the elephant if western countries make effective side payments to range states based on in situ numbers of elephants. Details: Department of Economics Victoria, BC, Canada: University of Victoria, Canada, 2005. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Draft: Accessed August 7, 2012 at: http://web.uvic.ca/econ/research/seminars/Kooten.pdf Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: http://web.uvic.ca/econ/research/seminars/Kooten.pdf Shelf Number: 125900 Keywords: Animal PoachingEconomics of CrimeElephantsIllegal IvoryIllegal TradeWildlife Crime |
Author: Baldry, Eileen Title: Lifecourse Institutional Costs of Homelessness for Vulnerable Groups Summary: There is a dearth of empirical research in Australia examining the lifecourse institutional costs associated with vulnerable people who are homeless. Evidence has been mounting that vulnerable groups, in particular persons with mental health disorders and cognitive disability (MHDCD) who experience clusters of disadvantageous circumstances, are over-represented amongst those coming to the attention of police and being serially arrested and incarcerated. People in these groups are more likely to use alcohol and other drugs and be homeless or marginally housed. Persons in this group are often caught in a vicious criminal justice cycle (Baldry et al 2006) with the costs to the person and the community estimated to be very high (Burt 2003; Edwards et al 2009; Flatau et al 2008; Gulcur et al 2003; Mental Health Coordinating Council 2008). But there has been little empirical pathway costing done. The study presented here has developed pathway costings using the Mental Health and Cognitive Disability in the Criminal Justice System (MHDCD) Dataset that contains data on lifelong interventions and interactions with all criminal justice and some human services agencies that are available for a cohort of 2,731 people who have been in prison in NSW and whose MHDCD diagnoses are known. This study’s purpose is to contribute to understanding the real costs associated with this group’s homelessness and criminal justice involvement and to alternative policy and program responses. Merging data across criminal justice sub-systems and with relevant human services is a useful way to provide a broad, dynamic understanding of the trans-criminal justice and human service involvement of persons with complex needs. This study takes an empirical approach to calculating the economic costs of the pathways of eleven individuals who have cycled in and out of homelessness, using the MHDCD Dataset containing their interactions with housing, health, community services and criminal justice agencies. 1 This institutional contact was costed by working with the relevant criminal justice and human service agencies to develop methods of measurement to ascertain unit costs. The cost of each unit of intervention or service recorded in our data - for example, being taken into custody by Police or being given rent assistance by Housing - was calculated across agency and by age, and total costs compiled. Lifecourse institutional costs for the 11 case studies, currently aged between 23 and 55, range from around $900,000 to $5.5 million. The economic costs to government are significant, as are the social and human costs. Whilst each individual story reflects the impacts of particular conditions and experiences, together the case studies highlight the breadth and depth of social need and disadvantage experienced by these individuals, as well as the complex and compounding interactions between them. In almost every case discussed, significant disadvantage, vulnerability and risk factors are obvious from early adolescence and, for several individuals from childhood, yet care and protection and early intervention do not occur in any substantial or sustained way. The evidence is stark that this early lack of adequate services is associated with costly criminal justice, health and homelessness interactions and interventions later in their lives. Millions of dollars in crisis and criminal justice interventions continue to be spent on these vulnerable individuals whose needs would have been better addressed in early support or currently in a health, rehabilitation or community space. It is obvious that access to integrated and responsive support services including drug and alcohol support, mental health and disability services or other psycho-social forms of support is needed. The provision of secure housing and support for an individual to maintain a tenancy appears a key factor in higher criminal justice and emergency services costs. Early and well-timed interventions to establish and maintain secure housing and associated support services could significantly reduce the need for the future years of criminal justice interventions. This study, while focused on the economic costs across the lifecourse associated with vulnerable people who are homeless, does not capture all possible costs to government or to society more generally. There are other elements to the costs of homelessness which the information contained in the MHDCD Dataset could contribute to in future research studies, such as the costs to the individuals, their families and the broader community, the costs of crime, opportunity costs, and cost-benefit research. The policy implications of this study are: • The atomised and singular manner in which homeless persons with complex compounded needs are addressed by most agencies is extremely costly and counterproductive. Early holistic support is crucial for disadvantaged children with cognitive disabilities and/or mental health disorders who are homeless or in unstable housing. • Provision of skilled disability supported accommodation and education early in life would save significant spending on homelessness and criminal justice interventions later in life. • System incentives to cost-shift should be eliminated. • There is evidence of avoidance of working with complex and poorly housed children and adults by human service agencies resulting in criminal justice services, particularly Police, being used as frontline child protection, housing, mental and cognitive disability services. • A significant change in the way government human service agencies approach this small but extremely costly group of persons is required. The evidence from this project suggests that robust, holistic, cross portfolio support and intervention resonses fit for purpose (eg appropriate and adequate disability support with housing) are needed. Details: Sydney, AUS: School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2012. 122p. Source: Internet Resource: https://homelessnessclearinghouse.govspace.gov.au/files/2012/10/Lifecourse-Institutional-Costs-of-Homelessness-final-report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: https://homelessnessclearinghouse.govspace.gov.au/files/2012/10/Lifecourse-Institutional-Costs-of-Homelessness-final-report.pdf Shelf Number: 126889 Keywords: DisabilityEconomics of CrimeHomeless PersonsHomelessness (Australia)Mentally Ill |
Author: Frischtak, Claudio Title: Crime, House Prices, and Inequality: The Effect of UPPs in Rio Summary: We use a recent policy experiment in Rio de Janeiro, the installation of permanent police stations in low-income communities (or favelas), to quantify the relationship between a reduction in crime and the change in the prices of nearby residential real estate. Using a novel data set of detailed property prices from an online classifi eds website, we fi nd that the new police stations (called UPPs) had a substantial effect on the trajectory of property values and certain crime statistics since the beginning of the program in late 2008. We also fi nd that the extent of inequality among residential prices decreased as a result of the policy. Both of these empirical observations are consistent with a dynamic model of property value in which historical crime rates have persistent effects on the price of real estate. Details: New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Staff Report No. 542: Accessed December 3, 2012 at: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Argentina URL: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Shelf Number: 127112 Keywords: Crime PreventionEconomics of CrimeFavelas (Rio de Janeiro)HousingPolicing |
Author: Frischtak, Claudio Title: Crime, House Prices, and Inequality: The Effect of UPPs in Rio Summary: We use a recent policy experiment in Rio de Janeiro, the installation of permanent police stations in low-income communities (or favelas), to quantify the relationship between a reduction in crime and the change in the prices of nearby residential real estate. Using a novel data set of detailed property prices from an online classifi eds website, we fi nd that the new police stations (called UPPs) had a substantial effect on the trajectory of property values and certain crime statistics since the beginning of the program in late 2008. We also fi nd that the extent of inequality among residential prices decreased as a result of the policy. Both of these empirical observations are consistent with a dynamic model of property value in which historical crime rates have persistent effects on the price of real estate. Details: New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Staff Report No. 542: Accessed December 3, 2012 at: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Shelf Number: 127112 Keywords: Crime PreventionEconomics of CrimeFavelas (Brazil)HousingPolicing |
Author: Wu, Tiffany Title: Media Narratives of Crime and the Favelas of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Summary: Brazil’s two largest urban metropolises, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, have traditionally received drastically different treatment on the world stage and in global as well as domestic media. Though the cities differ in terms of geography, historical development, and the roles each plays in the national economy, favelas—lower-income squatter settlements—have arisen in both. This work is a comparative case study of media narratives of crime and criminality in and around São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro’s favelas, employing framing analysis to tease out the representations embedded in domestically produced media. I find that the cities’ favelas are treated very differently, and propose an explanation based on variation in the spatial organization of the favelas: while São Paulo’s favelas are located in the periphery of the city, Rio’s favelas are dispersed throughout, juxtaposed with wealthy neighborhoods. Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley, 2012. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed December 4, 2012 at: http://legalstudies.berkeley.edu/files/2012/05/Wu-Thesis-Final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Brazil URL: http://legalstudies.berkeley.edu/files/2012/05/Wu-Thesis-Final.pdf Shelf Number: 127116 Keywords: Crime (Brazil)Economics of CrimeFavelasMediaPovertyUrban Areas |
Author: Akee, Randall Title: Transnational Trafficking, Law Enforcement and Victim Protection: A Middleman Trafficker's Perspective Summary: We explore three hitherto poorly understood characteristics of the human trafficking market - the cross-border ease of mobility of traffickers, the relative bargaining strength of traffickers and final buyers, and the elasticity of buyers' demand. In a model of two-way bargaining, the exact configuration of these characteristics is shown to determine whether domestic and foreign crackdowns on illicit employment mutually reinforce or counteract one another in efforts to stem the tide of trafficking. Estimation results from a gravity model of trafficking present evidence consistent with the mutual reinforcement view, indicating considerable ease of mobility, partial bargaining power, and inelastic demand. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2011. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 6226: Accessed December 4, 2012 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6226.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6226.pdf Shelf Number: 127122 Keywords: Border SecurityEconomics of CrimeHuman TraffickingOffender Mobility |
Author: Abelson, Peter Title: Modelling House Prices across Sydney with Estimates for Access, Property Size, Public Transport, Urban Density and Crime Summary: This paper examines the structure of house prices across the city, in this case Sydney, as an aid to urban development strategy and in particular to determine the potentially positive effects of public transport and negative effects of residential density on property prices. We model median house prices in 626 suburbs and achieve a high level of explanation. Distances from the CBD and from the coast are dominant factors in explaining house prices in Sydney. Predictably house and lot size are also highly significant factors. On the other hand a high propensity for violent crime significantly reduces property values. Over the whole city distance to rail station is not a statistically significant variable, but in suburb groups that are poorly served by other modes, median house prices fall significantly with increased distances to station. We found a similar but weaker result for access to high frequency buses. Contrary to expectation we found that higher density is marginally associated with higher median prices. However as the density variable is correlated (negatively) with median land area and, to a lesser extent, with distance to CBD, we would be cautious about concluding that density has no negative effect on house prices. Details: Adelaide: National Institute of Labour Studies, Flinders University, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: NILS Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 181/2012: Accessed January 22, 2013 at: http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/bitstream/2328/26086/1/No.%20181.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/jspui/bitstream/2328/26086/1/No.%20181.pdf Shelf Number: 127352 Keywords: Economics of CrimeHousing and CrimeSpatial AnalysisUrban AreasUrban Development |
Author: Benavente, José Miguel Title: Identifying the Determinants of Crime Occurrence and the Deterring Impact of Police: Evidence Across Chilean Households Summary: We analyze the socio-economic and demographic determinants of crime across Chilean households. In particular, we are interested on the impact that police has on deterring crime. Novel evidence is presented and an instrumental variable correction is performed to avoid the typical reverse causality problem of police on crime. We use multilevel probit and count models to estimate different crime equations. Results indicate that socioeconomic and demographic characteristics have heterogeneous impact on crimes. In terms of police deterrence effects, our results reveal that the number of police officers has no impact on crimes suffered by families (except for burglary) while the true impact of police is determined by the workload that police must face. According to the results, a 10% increase in the workload rate (per 100,000 residents), would raise the crime rates by around 10%. Details: Santiago, Chile: University of Chile, Department of Economics, 2012. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Serie Documentos Detrabajo, SDT 348: Accessed January 30, 2013 at: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/be4549be12d184c9603db2d8bbca7c552ff366ca.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Chile URL: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/be4549be12d184c9603db2d8bbca7c552ff366ca.pdf Shelf Number: 127446 Keywords: Crime (Chile)Economics of CrimePolicingSocioeconomic Variables and Crime |
Author: Detotto, Claudio Title: Cycles in Crime and Economy Revised Summary: In the last decades, the interest in the relationship between crime and business cy- cle has widely increased. It is a diffused opinion that a causal relationship goes from economic variables to criminal activities, but this causal effect is observed only for some typology of crimes, such as property crimes. In this work we examine the possibility of the existence of some common factors (interpreted as cyclical components) driving the dynamics of Gross Domestic Product and a large set of criminal types by using the nonparametric version of the dynamic factor model. A first aim of this exercise is to detect some comovements between the business cycle and the cyclical component of some typologies of crime, which could evidence some relationships between these variables; a second purpose is to select which crime types are related to the business cycle and if they are leading, coincident or lagging. Italy is the case study for the time span 1991:1 - 2004:12; the crime typologies are constituted by the 22 official categories classified by the Italian National Statistical Institute. The study finds that most of the crime types show a counter-cyclical behavior with respect to the overall economic performance, and only a few of them have an evident relationship with the business cycle. Furthermore, some crime offenses, such as bankruptcy, embezzlement and fraudulent insolvency, seem to anticipate the business cycle, in line with recent global events. Details: Centre for North South Economic Research, University of Cagliari and Sassari, Sardinia, 2011. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Papers, 2011/07: Accessed February 5, 2013 at: Year: 2011 Country: Italy URL: Shelf Number: 127516 Keywords: Business Cycles and CrimeEconomics of Crime |
Author: Hansen, David R. Title: The Effects of Crime on Educational Investment: A Policy Simulation Approach Summary: Crime is an important feature of economic life in many countries, especially in the developing world. Crime distorts many economic decisions because it acts like an unpredictable tax on earnings. In particular, the threat of crime may influence people’s willingness to invest in schooling or physical capital. This paper explores the questions ”What influence do crime rates and levels of investment have on one another?” and ”How do government policies affect the relationship between investment and crime?” by creating a simple structural model of crime and educational investment and attempting to fit this model to Mexican data. A method of simulated moments procedure is used to estimate parameters of the model and the estimated parameters are then used to carry out policy simulations. The simulations show that increasing spending on police or increasing the severity of punishment reduces crime but has little effect on educational investment. Increased educational subsidies increase educational investment but reduce crime only slightly. Thus, one type of policy is insufficient to accomplish the goals of both reducing crime and increasing education. Details: Provo, UT: Brigham Young University, Department of Economics, 2012. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2013 at; https://economics.byu.edu/SiteAssets/Pages/Faculty/David-Hansen/The%20Effects%20of%20Crime%20on%20Educational%20Investment%20A%20Policy%20Simulation%20Approach.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Mexico URL: https://economics.byu.edu/SiteAssets/Pages/Faculty/David-Hansen/The%20Effects%20of%20Crime%20on%20Educational%20Investment%20A%20Policy%20Simulation%20Approach.pdf Shelf Number: 127533 Keywords: Crime and DevelopmentEconomics of CrimeEducation |
Author: Count the Costs Title: The War on Drugs: Wasting billions and undermining economies Summary: Whilst accurate figures are hard to come by, global spending on drug law enforcement certainly exceeds $100 billion each year. Given current economic conditions it is more important than ever that spending is effective and not a waste of taxpayer money. However, the huge investments in enforcement have consistently delivered the opposite of their stated goals—to reduce drug production, supply and use. Instead they have created a vast criminal market. This in turn has substantial social and economic costs, through crime and ill health, far exceeding even the billions in enforcement spending. There are huge opportunity costs to wasteful expenditure on this scale. As drug enforcement budgets continue to grow, other areas are being starved of funds, and cuts in government budgets are hitting public services and support for the needy. Despite the appalling track record of failure, the level of value-for-money scrutiny applied to drug enforcement spending has been almost zero, at both national and international levels. At a time of global economic crisis, after literally trillions wasted over the last half-century, it is time to meaningfully count the real economic costs of the war on drugs. Details: London: Transform Drug Policy Foundation, 2012. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 8, 2013 at: http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/Economics-briefing.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/Economics-briefing.pdf Shelf Number: 127899 Keywords: Drug Law EnforcementDrug MarketsDrug PolicyDrug Use and AbuseEconomics of CrimeOrganized CrimeWar on Drugs |
Author: Cox, Robynn Title: The Impact of Incarceration on Food Insecurity among Households with Children Summary: This study seeks to determine the role that parental incarceration plays on the probability of food insecurity among families with children and very low food security of children using micro-level data from the Fragile Families and Child Well Being Study (FFCWS). The data set contains the 18-question food security module which allows us to explore the link between incarceration and food insecurity and very low food security among children, families, and adults. The incidence of very low food security in our data is somewhat higher than the national average, but the incidence of other levels of food security is similar to national aggregates. Since there is likely reverse causality in the relationship between parental incarceration and food insecurity, we employ a variety of program evaluation techniques to identify the causal relationship between food insecurity and parental incarceration. We employ imputation techniques to account for non-response among the food security variables and independent variables. Our ordinary least squares results suggest that having at least one parent that has ever been incarcerated has a small positive effect (1 to 4 percentage points) on the probability of very low food security among children, adults and households with children, but the results are not significant in various specification. Food insecurity for adults and households with children (a less dire level of food insecurity than very low food security) is affected by parental incarceration under most specifications with magnitudes of impact from 4 to 15 percentage points. This research provides some evidence that incarceration adversely affects children and families in terms of food insecurity. Policies to mitigate the impact could be addressed through the court system whereby children are provided with court-sanctioned support to address food needs. Details: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Fragile Families Working Paper: 13-05-FF: Accessed march 14, 2013 at: http://crcw.princeton.edu/workingpapers/WP13-05-FF.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://crcw.princeton.edu/workingpapers/WP13-05-FF.pdf Shelf Number: 127933 Keywords: Children of PrisonersEconomics of CrimeFamilies of Inmates (U.S.) |
Author: Ugur, Menmet Title: Evidence on the Economic Growth Impacts of Corruption in Low-Income Countries and Beyond: Systematic Review Summary: Corruption is a symptom and an outcome of institutional weakness, with potentially adverse effects on a country’s economic performance. In the last two decades, a wide range of scholars, policy-makers and practitioners have expressed concerns that corruption has gone hand-in-hand with extensive liberalisation reforms and led to poor economic outcomes, including slow growth and high levels of growth volatility. This systematic review aims to provide comparable, reliable and verifiable estimates of the effect of corruption on economic growth by controlling for study heterogeneity in terms of growth measures, data sources and country groupings. Our objectives are to address the impact of corruption on economic growth theoretically and empirically with a view to: (a) providing a narrative synthesis of the types of corruption and the causal links between corruption and growth; (b) providing a meta-synthesis of the empirical evidence on the direct and indirect effects of corruption on growth; and (c) mapping the narrative synthesis with the meta-analysis in order to derive policy conclusions and indicate potential avenues for further research. The review focuses on the growth impacts of corruption in low-income countries (LICs), but we also provide evidence for a larger set of countries for comparative purposes. Details: London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, 2011. 140p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/SystematicReviews/Corruption_impact_2011_Ugur_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/SystematicReviews/Corruption_impact_2011_Ugur_report.pdf Shelf Number: 127961 Keywords: CorruptionEconomic GrowthEconomics of Crime |
Author: Zhang, Ting Title: An Estimation of the Economic Impact of Spousal Violence in Canada, 2009 Summary: This report provides an estimate of the economic impact of spousal violence that occurred in Canada in 2009. Spousal violence is a widespread and unfortunate social reality that has an effect on all Canadians. Victims of spousal violence are susceptible to sustaining costly and long-lasting physical, emotional, and financial consequences. Children who are exposed to spousal violence suffer in many ways and are at increased risk of developing negative social behaviours or disorders as a result (Dauvergne and Johnson 2001). The victims’ family, friends, and employers are also affected to varying degrees. Every member of society eventually feels the impact of spousal violence through the additional financial strain imposed on publicly funded systems and services. The more Canadians understand about the costly and serious impact of spousal violence, the better prepared we are to continue efforts to prevent it and where it does occur, to protect and assist victims, to hold perpetrators accountable, and to take measures to break the cycle of violence. Estimating the economic impact of a social phenomenon such as spousal violence, a process known as costing, is a way to measure both the tangible and intangible impacts of that phenomenon. By placing a dollar value on the impact, a common unit of measurement is provided. The dollar value for the economic impact of spousal violence can then be compared to the corresponding estimates of other social phenomena. Proponents of costing contend that the understanding of economic impacts and the comparison of different social issues in the same units are important to policymakers, activists, social workers, and the public by assisting in the proper allocation of resources, and in evaluating the effectiveness of programs. Two complementary data sources reflect the incidents of spousal violence in Canada: the policebased Uniform Crime Reporting Survey 2 (UCR2) and the self-reported 2009 General Social Survey (GSS, cycle 23, Victimization). While the UCR2 captures detailed information on all Criminal Code violations reported to police services, the GSS interviews Canadians aged 15 and older regarding their experience of physical or sexual victimization regardless of whether or not the incident was reported to police. The UCR2 Survey reports that 46,918 spousal violence incidents were brought to the attention of police in 2009, 81% involving female victims and 19% involving male victims. More victims were victimized by current spouses (71%) than by former spouses (29%). According to the 2009 GSS, 335,697 Canadians were victims of 942,000 spousal violence incidents in 2009; 54% of the victims were female, and 46% of the victims were male. More victims were victimized by current spouses (69%) than by ex-spouses (31%). It is important to note that police-based surveys (such as the UCR2) and self-reported surveys (such as the GSS) normally report different proportions of female and male victims of spousal violence. Specifically, police-based survey data show a significantly higher proportion of female victims of spousal violence while GSS data depict gender parity in experiences of spousal violence. Many studies offer some reasons for this discrepancy. For instance, Allen (2011) states that this inconsistency can be explained by the fact the two types of surveys may actually capture different types of spousal violence; police-based surveys capture the more serious intimate terrorism (IT), which involves the use of severe violence to gain domination and control over a spouse, whereas self-reported surveys capture the generally more minor common couple violence (CCV), which involves poor resolution of typical conflict issues without the appearance of one party trying to completely dominate or control the other. Kevan and Archer (2003) find that perpetration rates for CCV are fairly even between genders (45% perpetrated by men), but that the large majority of IT is perpetrated by men (87% perpetrated by men). These findings may help to explain the disparity in the results of the GSS and the UCR2. Details: Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2012. 162p. Source: Internet Resource: rr12-07-e: Accessed March 20, 2013 at: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2012/rr12_7/rr12_7.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2012/rr12_7/rr12_7.pdf Shelf Number: 128049 Keywords: Costs of Criminal JusticeEconomics of CrimeFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceSpouse Abuse (Canada)Violence Against Women |
Author: Dills, Angela K. Title: What Do Economists Know About Crime? Summary: In this paper we evaluate what economists have learned over the past 40 years about the determinants of crime. We base our evaluation on two kinds of evidence: an examination of aggregate data over long time periods and across countries, and a critical review of the literature. We argue that economists know little about the empirically relevant determinants of crime. Even hypotheses that find some support in U.S. data for recent decades are inconsistent with data over longer horizons or across countries. This conclusion applies both to policy variables like arrest rates or capital punishment and to less conventional factors such as abortion or gun laws. The hypothesis that drug prohibition generates violence, however, is generally consistent with the long times-series and cross-country facts. This analysis is also consistent with a broader perspective in which government policies that affect the nature and amount of dispute resolution play an important role in determining violence. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series: Working Paper 13759: Accessed March 22, 2013 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13759 Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13759 Shelf Number: 128072 Keywords: EconomicsEconomics of CrimeEconomists |
Author: Lambrechts, Derica Title: The Impact of Organised Crime on Social Control by the state: A study of Manenberg in Cape Town, South Summary: This study set out to research the influence of a local non-state actor on the role and authority of the state, in the domestic environment. Accordingly, the research problem focused on the impact of a domestic actor on the association between the state and the society. This study only focused on the state at the level of local government and the impact of one specific actor, organised criminal groups, on social control by the state. Thus, state-society relations were discussed in this context. In order to guide this study, the main and two supportive research questions were stated as follows: What is the impact of organised crime on the social control by the state? What are the power dynamics between local governance, criminal agents and society? Has the state become criminalised at the level of local government, as a result of the activities of organised crime, and if so, to what extent? The state thus functioned as the dependent variable and organised criminal groups as the independent variable. The theoretical foundation of this study was located in state-society relations, and specific reference was given to the work of Migdal (1988) and his analysis of state social control, pyramidal and weblike societies. Furthermore, a neo-pluralist view of the state was followed. A conceptualisation of the criminalisation of the state was provided, as the criminalisation of the state was regarded as one possible impact of organised crime on the state. In order to analyse the criminalisation of the state, a framework was constructed from four main avenues of empirical observation. In order to answer the research questions, a case study research design and a predominantly qualitative methodology was selected. As a case, the City of Cape Town was selected and Manenberg, located on the Cape Flats, as the site for the research. A case study research design created the opportunity to describe the context in detail and to connect the micro level of analysis to the macro level; thus, it provided insight on the research topic that enabled the researcher to expand/build theory. The field research process occurred over a period of three months using a triangulation of methods: Key informant interview, small group discussions and observation with three categories of respondents. These three categories included: Community members of Manenberg, organised criminal groups and agents of local government and local governance. In order to set the stage for the empirical analysis, a contextualisation of the dependent and independent variables were provided. It was stated that there is a lack of a universally agreed upon definition of organised crime, and as a result, a conceptualisation of organised crime was generated for this study. It was further argued that the majority of literature treats organised criminal groups and organised criminal gangs as two separate concepts, despite the fact that there are more similarities than differences. Thus, for the purpose of this study, a conclusion was reached that the difference is inconsequential. The development of organised crime in South Africa and an examination of the historical development of the gangs on the Cape Flats were described. With regards to the dependent variable, the context was provided for an analysis of local government in South Africa. The demographical and operational features of the municipal area of the City of Cape Town were explained, with specific reference to safety and security elements. The primary data collected was analysed according to the indicators of social control (compliance, participation and legitimacy), as identified by Migdal (1988). In addition, the framework to analyse the criminalisation of the state at the level of local government was applied on the case study. Based on the analysis, a different system, to what was described by Migdal (1988) in his narrative of a triangle of accommodation was found to be in operation in Manenberg on the Cape Flats. It was confirmed that there is the presence of a weakened state and accordingly, a weblike society, where social control is fragmented between local government and the criminal community. However, in this weblike society a system of local power dynamics exists between the criminal community, social community and local agents of governance, where dyadic collaboration occurs between all three the actors. However, despite the collaboration, the criminalisation of the state does not occur, but rather the statification of the organised criminal community, as it provides goods and service to the social community. The main findings can be summarised as: If a state lacks extensive social control and a rival authority has claimed a level of social control, this will not necessarily lead to the further weakening of the state, as a result of a system of power dynamics in place, where collaboration between the social community, the criminal community and local agents of governance occurs. This system is kept in place by: On-going efforts by the state to maintain (or regain) compliance, participation and legitimacy; corrupt agents of the state (specifically in the security sector); a level of operational ease that exists for the criminal community (and the interweaving of the criminal community in the social community) and a relatively strong society that acknowledges the benefits of criminal activities for the social community, but also recognises the authority and control of the state. Details: Stellenbosch, South Africa: Stellenbosch University, 2013. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 25, 2013 at: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/80057 Year: 2013 Country: South Africa URL: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/80057 Shelf Number: 128494 Keywords: Economics of CrimeGangsOrganized Crime (South Africa) |
Author: Ouss, Aurelie Title: When Punishment Doesn't Pay: "Cold Glow" and Decisions to Punish Summary: Economic theories of punishment focus on determining the levels of punishment that will provide maximal social material payoffs. In calculating these levels, several parameters are important: total social costs, total social benefits and the probability that defectors are apprehended. However, often times social levels of punishment are determined by aggregates of individual decisions. Research in behavioral economics, psychology and neuroscience shows that individuals appear to treat punishment as a private good ("cold glow") and so individual decisions may be inappropriately responsive to the above parameters. This means that, depending on environment, aggregate punishment levels can be predictably above or below optimally deterring benchmarks and final social outcomes (e.g.. levels of cooperation and total social costs incurred) can be highly inefficient. We confirm these predictions in a series of experiments. Our research highlights the importance of understanding the psychology of punishment for understanding economically important outcomes and for designing social mechanisms. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University - Program for Evolutionary Dynamics and Department of Economics, 2013. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 1, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2247446 Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2247446 Shelf Number: 128508 Keywords: Behavioral EconomicsCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of CrimePunishment (U.S.) |
Author: Petrarca, Ilaria Title: The Historical Roots of Corruption and Economic Development in Italy Summary: We claim that a sequential mechanism linking history to development exists: first, history defines the quality of social capital; then, social capital determines the level of corruption; finally, corruption affects economic performance. We test this hypothesis on a dataset of Italian provinces, and address the possible endogeneity of corruption by applying an IV model. We use three sets of historical instruments for corruption: 1) foreign dominations in 16th-17th century, 2) autocracy/autonomous rule in the 14th century, and 3) an index of social capital between in the 19th-20th century. The results indicate a significant impact of historically-driven corruption on development. Details: Munich: Center for Economic Studies (CES), the Ifo Institute and the CESifo GmbH, 2013. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: CESifo Working Paper No. 4212; Accessed May 1, 2013 at www.cesifo.org/wp Year: 2013 Country: Italy URL: Shelf Number: 128581 Keywords: Corruption (Italy)Economic DevelopmentEconomics of CrimeSocial Capital |
Author: Baumann, Florian Title: Status Concerns as a Motive for Crime? Summary: This paper analyzes the implications of potential offenders caring about their relative status. We establish that subjects' status concerns can result in multiple-equilibrium crime rates and may modify the standard comparative-statics results regarding how the crime rate changes in response to a higher detection probability and higher sanctions. In addition, we argue that the socially optimal level of the detection probability and the sanction will often be higher when potential offenders care about their relative positions. Our analysis can be linked to one of the most important criminological theories of crime, namely strain theory. Details: Munich: Center for Economic Studies (CES), the Ifo Institute and the CESifo GmbH, 2013. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: CESIFO WORKING PAPER NO. 4225: Accessed May 1, 2013 at: Year: 2013 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 128582 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics of CrimeStrain Theory |
Author: Roman, Jonathan Kilbourn Title: What is the Price of Crime? New Estimates of the Cost of Criminal Victimization Summary: Robust estimates of the price of crime, measured as the costs of crime to victims, inform a wide range of policy analysis. The most commonly cited studies are constrained by limited data and rely on indirect methods to estimate prices. In these studies, health statistics are used to estimate direct losses from crime, jury award data are used to estimate indirect damages from crime, and self-reported crime data are used to weight injury prevalence within broad crime categories. While the relationship between injury and damages can be observed at the individual level in civil court records, individual level data have not previously been available that link crimes and injury. Since both individual and aggregate data are combined in these studies, prior research has not corrected sampling bias, and the estimates of victimization costs have been reported only as point estimates without confidence intervals. Estimates have been developed for only a few broad categories of crime and these estimates have not been robust to study design. This study analyzes individual-level data from two sources: jury award and injury data from the RAND Institute of Civil Justice and crime and injury data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Propensity score weights are developed to account for heterogeneity in jury awards. Data from the jury awards are interpolated onto the NIBRS data based on the combination of all attributes observable in both data sets. From the combined data, estimates are developed of the price of crime to victims for thirty-one crime categories. Until data become available linking information about criminal incidents to jury award data, the strategy used here is likely to yield the most robust estimates of the costs to crime victims that can be generated from the jury compensation method. Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park, 2009. 206p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 15, 2013 at: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 128740 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeVictimization (U.S.)Victims of Crime |
Author: Reuchlin, J.W. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project The Economic Impacts of Piracy on the Commercial Shipping Industry: A Regional Perspective Summary: This report assesses the economic impacts of maritime piracy on the commercial shipping industry. For the purpose of this report this industry consists of maritime transport and fisheries. The maritime transport industry includes the transport of cargo and passengers. Both form an important part of the global economy. For example 75% of the total world trade measured in tonnes and 59% in terms of value is transported by sea (Mandryk, 2009). With regard to the maritime transport of passengers, the cruise industry accommodated an estimated 15 million passengers in 2010 (FCCA, 2011) and 1.7 billion people made use of ferries in 2007 (IMO, 2011). The total amount of persons that make use of maritime transport is even higher when considering the use of yachts around the world. The fishing industry is equally important as it provides over 34 million people employment as fishers and the estimated first-sale value of the captured fish was US$ 93.9 billion in 2008 (FAO, 2010). In recent years piracy has increasingly become a threat for the commercial shipping industry. There are four geographic regions in which almost all acts piracy and armed robbery occur. These four large regions are: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), Southeast Asia (SeA), the Gulf of Guinea (GoG), and the Northern and Western Indian Ocean (NWIO). Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #6: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%236-2012-12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/Dalhousie-Marine-Affairs-Program-Technical-Report-%236-2012-12.pdf Shelf Number: 128766 Keywords: Economics of CrimeFishing IndustryMaritime CrimesPiracy/Pirates |
Author: Whitman, S. Title: Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project: The Root Causes and True Costs of Marine Piracy Summary: Although the Socio Economic Module Draft Report conceptualizes piracy as an economic crime, it also considers political, social, and historical facts associated with piratical activity. The overall aim is to provide a report that may lead to more proactive approaches to combatting piracy in the future by considering the root causes and how to prevent future outbreaks. The Socio Economic Module was tasked with investigating two major themes under the broader DMPP project, including: 1) The cost of piracy: the effect piracy is having on the commercial shipping, including responses by the shipping and insurance industry, and uses of risk management, including the safety of seafarers. 2) The prevention of piracy: considering the social, political and economic factors which contribute to the emergence of piracy, including and exploration of parallels between child soldiers and loss of livelihoods following natural disasters. In order to address the broader themes listed above, the Socio Economic Module took a comparative case study approach to its research, focusing on geographic regions that are currently affected by piratical activity. This includes: Southeast Asia, Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Aden, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Such an approach allowed us to identify both specific and common socio-economic factors related to piracy by tracing its origins and evolution. The global analysis of the root causes of piracy can be summarized as follows: 1) Economic Root Causes: a. The relatively high chances of substantial income; b. The relatively low costs of and attack; c. The relatively low opportunity costs and economic risks. 2) Social Root Causes: a. Maritime Capacity and tradition in a region; b. The ability to gain social status through piracy; c. The existence of grievance; d. The existence of community support for piracy. 3) Political Root Causes: a. The existence of corruption within the state; b. The presence of armed groups; c. Limited state capacity; d. Regional disputes. Given these root causes, it is a challenge to address how to prevent the occurrence of maritime piracy. The Socio Economic Module seeks to provide new theoretical paradigms through which to address piracy: 1) Conflict Prevention Theory requires a multi-pronged approach that requires sincere commitment to short, medium and long-term objectives. The principles of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine should be born in mind and applied to the piracy problematique. 2) Addressing the Demand side of the problem in terms of the lessons learned from the drug and human trafficking paradigms provides potential remedies. The inelasticity in the demand for piracy has undermined the operational and security-centric interventions to date. 3) Corporate Social Responsibility and Globalization need to be considered as piracy is a profit making business that has benefitted from globalized markets and technology. Can the remedies to piracy be found in the principles of corporate social responsibility – through the creation of programmes, taxes, and infrastructure development that impacts poverty levels, unemployment, and violence and corruption levels in the regions where piracy exists? Key areas for further research that have been identified include: 1) the Environmental impacts on piracy; 2) Latin America and emerging trends; 3) Links to the small arms trade; 4) Links to human trafficking; 5) Links to the drug trade; 6) Human costs of piracy; 7) The relationship between subsistence pirates and organized pirates; 8) Gender dimensions of piracy. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 2012. 135p. Source: Internet Resource: Marine Affairs Program Technical Report #1: Accessed May 21, 2013 at: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/MAP_Technical_Report_%231.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/Files/MAP_Technical_Report_%231.pdf Shelf Number: 128770 Keywords: Economics of CrimeMaritime CrimesPiracy/PiratesShipping Industry |
Author: Monnery, Benjamin Title: The Determinants of Recidivism among Ex-Prisoners: A Survival Analysis on French Data Summary: This article explores the main determinants of the hazard of recidivism among ex-prisoners. We use a nationally-representative sample of prisoners released in 1996-1997 in France, drawn from a 5-year follow-up survey run by the French correctional administration. We estimate semiparametric duration models which deal with violations of the proportional hazards hypothesis. Our results confirm the importance of gender, age, nationality, access to employment and prior convictions on recidivism within five years after release from prison. We also find significant differences in hazards of recidivism by type of initial offense, penal status at entry, and type of release (early release under parole, etc.), while controlling for prison fixed effects. Finally, our study casts doubt on the influence of certain variables (marital status at entry, education, homelessness) and on the effectiveness of semi-liberte as a way to prevent recidivism. Details: Saint-Etienne, France: University of Lyon 2 - Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique (GATE), 2013. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: GATE - Groupe d’Analyse et de Théorie Économique Lyon-St Étienne Working Paper No. WP 1320 : Accessed May 25, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2265349 Year: 2013 Country: France URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2265349 Shelf Number: 128790 Keywords: Economics of CrimeEx-OffendersRecidivism (France) |
Author: Organization of American States Title: The Drug Problem in the Americas: Studies. The Economics of Drug Trafficking Summary: Summary and Findings: While estimating the size of global and hemispheric drug markets presents tremendous challenges, evidence suggests that some two thirds of total revenues are earned at the final, retail level in consuming countries. Wholesalers and traffickers through transit countries account for another 20-25 percent of revenues, while just under 1 percent of total retail sales finds its way to drug cultivators in the Andes. In terms of the size of overall drug markets, the most recent UN estimates place total retail sales of illicit drugs at some $320 billion or 0.9 percent of GDP. Other estimates are lower. The UN estimates annual drug revenues in the Americas at $150 billion or just under half the global total, though other estimates are lower. North America currently occupies a dominant share of the hemispheric total, reflecting higher prices as well as higher drug prevalence, though this could change in future years. Cocaine estimates enjoy better consensus, with U.S. sales accounting for some $34 billion out of a global retail cocaine market of about $85 billion. Cocaine estimates for the rest of the hemisphere are a small fraction of this figure, but this could change when revised Brazilian data become available. Estimates of marijuana and methamphetamine revenues suffer particularly high rates of uncertainty. Details: Washington, DC: OAS, 2013. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 25, 2013 at: http://www.cicad.oas.org/main/policy/informeDrogas2013/laEconomicaNarcotrafico_ENG.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.cicad.oas.org/main/policy/informeDrogas2013/laEconomicaNarcotrafico_ENG.pdf Shelf Number: 128797 Keywords: Drug MarketsDrug TraffickingEconomics of CrimeIllicit DrugsMoney Laundering |
Author: Robles, Gustavo Title: The Economic Consequences of Drug Trafficking Violence in Mexico Summary: The levels of violence in Mexico have dramatically increased in the last few years due to structural changes in the drug trafficking business. The increase in the number of drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) fighting over the control of territory and trafficking routes has resulted in a substantial increase in the rates of homicides and other crimes. This study evaluates the economic costs of drug-‐related violence. We propose electricity consumption as an indicator of the level of municipal economic activity and use two different empirical strategies to test this. We utilize an instrumental variable regression using as exogenous variation the instrument proposed by Castillo, Mejía, and Restrepo (2013) based on historical seizures of cocaine in Colombia interacted with the distance of the Mexican border towns to the United States. We find that marginal increases of violence have negative effects on labor participation and the proportion of unemployed in an area. The marginal effect of the increase in homicides is substantive for earned income and the proportion of business owners, but not for energy consumption. We also employ the methodology of synthetic controls to evaluate the effect that inter-‐narco wars have on local economies. These wars in general begin with a wave of executions between rival criminal organizations and are accompanied by the deterioration of order and a significant increase in extortion, kidnappings, robberies, murders, and threats affecting the general population. To evaluate the effect that these wars between different drug trafficking organizations have on economic performance, we define the beginning of a conflict as the moment when we observe an increase from historical violence rates at the municipal level beyond a certain threshold, and construct counterfactual scenarios as an optimal weighted average from potential control units. The analysis indicates that the drug wars in those municipalities that saw dramatic increases in violence between 2006 and 2010 significantly reduced their energy consumption in the years after the change occurred. Details: Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 2013. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2013 at: http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/24014/RoblesCalderonMagaloni_EconCosts5.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/24014/RoblesCalderonMagaloni_EconCosts5.pdf Shelf Number: 128839 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Crime (Mexico, U.S.)Drug TraffickingDrug-Related ViolenceEconomics of CrimeHomicidesKidnappingsOrganized CrimeViolent Crimes |
Author: Turner, James Title: Implications for the New Zealand Wood Products Sector of Trade Distortions due to Illegal Logging A report prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Summary: This study determined, for New Zealand, the production, trade and price effects of international trade distortions due to illegal logging. The study considered the effect of illegal logging on both the price and competitiveness of New Zealand wood products in domestic and foreign markets. Two complementary economic models, the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) and Radiata Pine Market Model (RPMM) were used to view the New Zealand forest sector in its full international context. While the GFPM provides a global perspective, the RPMM provides a richer description of the New Zealand radiata pine forestry and sawmilling sectors. countries in the policies and institutions that govern forest utilisation, and hence the rules that apply in determining whether logs are legally sourced. Differences between government and NGO approaches to assessment explain much of the variation found in estimates of illegal logging. NGO assessments include issues such as logging concession award processes, whether forests are managed “sustainably”, and whether taxes and fees have been levied at a fair or market rate. Governmental organisations, on the other hand, focus on the extent that wood can be traced to an officially sanctioned logging operation. The most comprehensive, and widely quoted, review of illegal logging and trade is Seneca Creek (2004)1, which derived estimates that generally fell between the extremes of the NGO and governmental sources. Recognising the limitations of each source, this present study relied on the range of assessments to derive “low”, “most likely”, and “high” estimates (Table 1). Due to the scope of the review and its widespread recognition Seneca Creek (2004) was influential in our derivation of the “most likely” scenario. Potential for the recently announced increase in the Russian softwood log export tax to have significant repercussions for the global forest sector meant that an additional set of projections included the tax. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2007. 192p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2013 at: http://maxa.maf.govt.nz/forestry/illegal-logging/trade-distortion-implications/Final_Report.pdf Year: 2007 Country: International URL: http://maxa.maf.govt.nz/forestry/illegal-logging/trade-distortion-implications/Final_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 128850 Keywords: Economics of CrimeIllegal LoggingNatural ResourcesOffenses Against the Environment |
Author: Acconcia, Antonio Title: Mafia and Public Spending: Evidence on the Fiscal Multiplier from a Quasi-Experiment Summary: We estimate the multiplier relying on differences in spending in infrastructure across Italian provinces and an instrument identifying investment changes that are large and exogenous to local cyclical conditions. We derive our instrument from the Law mandating the interruption of public work on evidence of mafia infiltration of city councils. Our IV estimates on cross sectional data allow us to address common problems in time series analysis, such as the risk of estimating spuriously high multipliers because of endogeneity and reverse causation, or the risk of confounding the effects of fiscal and monetary measures. Accounting for contemporaneous and lagged effects, and controlling for the direct impact of anti-mafia measures on output, our results suggest a multiplier as high as 1.4 on impact, and 2 including dynamic effects. Details: Naples, Italy: CSEF - Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance, Department of Economics, University of Naples, 2013. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper no. 281: http://www.csef.it/wp/wp281.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Italy URL: http://www.csef.it/wp/wp281.pdf Shelf Number: 128851 Keywords: Economics of CrimeMafia (Italy)Organized Crime |
Author: Henrichson, Christian Title: A Guide to Calculating Justice-System Marginal Costs Summary: The costs and benefits of criminal justice policies and activities affect everyone. Understanding what goes into the costs of operating jails, prisons, probation and parole, courts, law enforcement agencies, treatment programs, and other segments of the criminal justice system is important for taxpayers, politicians, practitioners, and society as a whole. Any economic study of a justice-related investment needs to use the right cost information in its calculations. The type of cost used makes a difference in the accuracy of a study’s findings, as well as its relevance for policymaking, budgeting, and practice. Vera’s Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice has published this guide to help technical users and general readers understand marginal cost—the amount of change in total cost when a unit of output changes. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2013. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2013 at: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/marginal-costs-guide.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/marginal-costs-guide.pdf Shelf Number: 128912 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of Criminal Justice (U.S.)Economics of Crime |
Author: Mercy Corps Title: Examining the Links between Youth Economic Opportunity, Civic Engagement and Conflict Summary: Somali youth hold the potential to contribute to positive change in their country. However, currently they are also the majority of the participants in militant and criminal groups.1 To better understand the drivers of youth violence in Somaliland and Puntland, Mercy Corps Somalia examined the links between economic opportunity, civic engagement and conflict as part of its USAID-funded Somali Youth Leaders Initiative.2 The research led to a number of counter-intuitive findings, including: 1) youth who are involved in civic engagement initiatives are less likely to endorse political violence, but are more likely to have engaged in such violence; and 2) youth who felt they had more economic opportunities were at greater risk of engaging in and supporting political violence, though actual employment status did not relate to propensity towards political violence. We also found that youth who experienced discrimination were more likely to engage in political violence, and that youth with greater self-efficacy to influence decisions that affect them were more likely to endorse political violence. This briefing explores these findings and their implications for the Somali Youth Leaders Initiative, as well as for similar youth development programs working in fragile, conflict-affected environments. Details: Portland, OR: Mercy Corps, 2013. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 8, 2013 at: http://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/somaliabrief_2_13_13.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Somalia URL: http://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/somaliabrief_2_13_13.pdf Shelf Number: 129268 Keywords: Economics of CrimeJuvenile OffendersPolitical ViolenceYouth Violence (Somalia) |
Author: Belfield, Clive R. Title: The Economic Burden of Crime and Substance Abuse for Massachusetts and the City of Boston Summary: The negative social and economic burden from youth violence, adult crime, and substance addiction is substantial. Juvenile crime is a large proportion of total crime. Juveniles are arrested for one-in-six violent crimes and over one-quarter of all property crimes (NCJJ [2008]). They also commit crimes in school: 25% of students and 8% of teachers report some form of victimization over a school year (Dinkes et al. [2007]). Also, juvenile offenses are often the precursor to more frequent adult criminal activity: the peak offending ages are 18-22, with many criminals' first offenses during their teenage years. Such crime and violence imposes heavy burdens on victims, as well as on citizens who pay for government prevention programs and the criminal justice system. In similar fashion, substance abuse and addiction is highly prevalent, imposing significant costs on both the health care system and the justice system, as well as adversely affecting families (ONDCP [2004]). The chronic nature of substance abuse and addiction magnifies these burdens as well (Califano [2009]. In this paper we calculate the economic burden of juvenile and adult crime and substance abuse and addiction in Boston, Massachusetts. Placing economic values on these activities is the first step in assessing what public policies are appropriate and what amounts might be justifiably spent on prevention. We begin by describing the extent of juvenile and adult crime and substance abuse. No single statistic fully captures the scale of deviant behavior because it takes many inter-related forms: substance abuse often leads to crime and vice versa (NCASA [2004]). However, we emphasize deviant behavior by youth because of the strong association between youth and adult behaviors. Next, we calculate the total fiscal burden imposed on taxpayers as an annual amount. We also document the economic burden imposed on society (victims). Finally, we calculate the per youth fiscal burden. Estimates are reported as annual figures and as present values over the lifetime for youth with varying characteristics. These present value figures may be interpreted as the expected burden that a deviant youth would impose over their lifetime and so the amount that would be saved should that behavior be prevented. In conclusion, we place these calculations in the context of current public investments. Details: Unpublished paper, 2010. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2014 at: http://www.sel4mass.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Economist-Belfieds-Economic-Burden-Report-March-2010.doc.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.sel4mass.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Economist-Belfieds-Economic-Burden-Report-March-2010.doc.pdf Shelf Number: 131944 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDelinquency PreventionDrug Abuse and CrimeEconomics of CrimeJuvenile OffendersSocioeconomic Status and Crime |
Author: Ajzenman, Nicolas Title: On the Distributive Costs of Drug-Related Homicides Summary: Reliable estimates of the effects of violence on economic outcomes are scarce. We exploit the manyfold increase in homicides in 2008-2011 in Mexico resulting from its war on organized drug traffickers to estimate the effect of drug-related homicides on house prices. We use an unusually rich dataset that provides national coverage on house prices and homicides and exploit within-municipality variations. We find that the impact of violence on housing prices is borne entirely by the poor sectors of the population. An increase in homicides equivalent to one standard deviation leads to a 3% decrease in the price of low-income housing. In spite of this large burden on the poor, the willingness to pay in order to reverse the increase in drug-related crime is not high. We estimate it to be approximately 0.1% of Mexico's GDP. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series: Working Paper 20067: Accessed May 5, 2014 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20067.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20067.pdf Shelf Number: 132248 Keywords: Drug TraffickingDrug-Related ViolenceDrugs and CrimeEconomics of CrimeHomicideHousing |
Author: Kearney, Melissa S. Title: Ten Economic Facts about Crime and Incarceration in the United States Summary: Crime and high rates of incarceration impose tremendous costs on society, with lasting negative effects on individuals, families, and communities. Rates of crime in the United States have been falling steadily, but still constitute a serious economic and social challenge. At the same time, the incarceration rate in the United States is so high-more than 700 out of every 100,000 people are incarcerated-that both crime scholars and policymakers alike question whether, for nonviolent criminals in particular, the social costs of incarceration exceed the social benefits. While there is significant focus on America's incarceration policies, it is important to consider that crime continues to be a concern for policymakers, particularly at the state and local levels. Public spending on fighting crime-including the costs of incarceration, policing, and judicial and legal services-as well as private spending by households and businesses is substantial. There are also tremendous costs to the victims of crime, such as medical costs, lost earnings, and an overall loss in quality of life. Crime also stymies economic growth. For example, exposure to violence can inhibit effective schooling and other developmental outcomes (Burdick-Will 2013; Sharkey et al. 2012). Crime can induce citizens to migrate; economists estimate that each nonfatal violent crime reduces a city's population by approximately one person, and each homicide reduces a city's population by seventy persons (Cullen and Levitt 1999; Ludwig and Cook 2000). To the extent that migration diminishes a locality's tax and consumer base, departures threaten a city's ability to effectively educate children, provide social services, and maintain a vibrant economy. The good news is that crime rates in the United States have been falling steadily since the 1990s, reversing an upward trend from the 1960s through the 1980s. There does not appear to be a consensus among scholars about how to account for the overall sharp decline, but contributing factors may include increased policing, rising incarceration rates, and the waning of the crack epidemic that was prevalent in the 1980s and early 1990s. Despite the ongoing decline in crime, the incarceration rate in the United States remains at a historically unprecedented level. This high incarceration rate can have profound effects on society; research has shown that incarceration may impede employment and marriage prospects among former inmates, increase poverty depth and behavioral problems among their children, and amplify the spread of communicable diseases among disproportionately impacted communities (Raphael 2007). These effects are especially prevalent within disadvantaged communities and among those demographic groups that are more likely to face incarceration, namely young minority males. In addition, this high rate of incarceration is expensive for both federal and state governments. On average, in 2012, it cost more than $29,000 to house an inmate in federal prison (Congressional Research Service 2013). In total, the United States spent over $80 billion on corrections expenditures in 2010, with more than 90 percent of these expenditures occurring at the state and local levels (Kyckelhahn and Martin 2013). A founding principle of The Hamilton Project's economic strategy is that long-term prosperity is best achieved by fostering economic growth and broad participation in that growth. Elevated rates of crime and incarceration directly work against these principles, marginalizing individuals, devastating affected communities, and perpetuating inequality. In this spirit, we offer "Ten Economic Facts about Crime and Incarceration in the United States" to bring attention to recent trends in crime and incarceration, the characteristics of those who commit crimes and those who are incarcerated, and the social and economic costs of current policy. Chapter 1 describes recent crime trends in the United States and the characteristics of criminal offenders and victims. Chapter 2 focuses on the growth of mass incarceration in America. Chapter 3 presents evidence on the economic and social costs of current crime and incarceration policy. Details: Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project, Brookings, Institute, 2014. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Memo: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/05/01%20crime%20facts/v8_thp_10crimefacts.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/05/01%20crime%20facts/v8_thp_10crimefacts.pdf Shelf Number: 132316 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCrime RatesCriminal Justice ExpendituresEconomics of CrimeIncarcerationPrisoners |
Author: Madsen, Jens Vestergaard Title: The State of Maritime Piracy 2013 Summary: This report is the latest in a series by Oceans Beyond Piracy tracking the economic and human costs of maritime piracy. For the past three years, OBP has attempted to model the overall impact of Somali piracy on the global economy and on people affected by piracy. In this report, we look at the impact of piracy in 2013. Trends in maritime piracy and armed robbery at sea in 2013 represent a continuation and in some cases an acceleration of issues marked by observers in 2012. The decline in piracy off the coast of Somalia continued, as did attacks, kidnapping, and violence associated with piracy off the West Coast of Africa. Alongside these shifts, the use of armed security aboard ships in the Indian Ocean continued. In recognition of these trends, this report represents an expansion of the scope of the research offered by Oceans Beyond Piracy. Acknowledging the changing face of maritime piracy, this year's report extends the geographic focus of our research to include West African piracy, and compiles both the economic and human costs into one omnibus report. As with previous years, the numbers presented here represent a good-faith effort by Oceans Beyond Piracy and our partners to provide an estimate of the scope and impact of maritime piracy on the maritime community and the other stakeholders impacted by these crimes. Practically, this estimate is limited because of serious challenges relating to the availability of good data on the scope of the problem. This is particularly true in considering piracy and armed robbery at sea off the West Coast of Africa, where the multinational reporting systems supported as a part of the joint effort to address Somali piracy are largely absent. As a result, the information presented here should be considered a studied estimate of the impacts of piracy rather than a definitive and precise report. We welcome comments and constructive suggestions on how to improve our methods used, and as with previous years we have incorporated responses to prior reports into the methods used in this report. Structure of the Report This year's report is broken into four sections. First, we present an overview of what our research has identified as the number of attacks and other key aspects of piracy in 2013. Second, we review the economic and human costs of piracy off the horn of Africa. Third, we do the same for the West Coast of Africa. Finally, we address some of the long-term impacts of piracy. Details: Broomfield, CO: Oceans Beyond Piracy, 2014. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2014 at: http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/sites/default/files/attachments/SoP2013-Digital_0.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Africa URL: http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/sites/default/files/attachments/SoP2013-Digital_0.pdf Shelf Number: 132481 Keywords: Armed Robbery Against ShipsEconomics of CrimeMaritime CrimeMaritime PiracyMaritime SecurityPirates/Piracy |
Author: Center for Strategic and International Studies Title: Net Losses: Estimating the Global Cost of Cybercrime. Economic Impact of Cybercrime II Summary: Putting a number on the cost of cybercrime and cyber-espionage is the headline, but the dollar figure begs important questions about the damage to the victims from the cumulative effect of losses in cyberspace. The cost of cybercrime includes the effect of hundreds of millions of people having their personal information stolen-incidents in the last year include more than 40 million people in the US, 54 million in Turkey, 20 million in Korea, 16 million in Germany, and more than 20 million in China. One estimate puts the total at more than 800 million individual records in 2013. This alone could cost as much as $160 billion per year. Criminals still have difficulty turning stolen data into financial gain, but the constant stream of news contributes to a growing sense that cybercrime is out of control. For developed countries, cybercrime has serious implications for employment. The effect of cybercrime is to shift employment away from jobs that create the most value. Even small changes in GDP can affect employment. In the United States alone, studies of how employment varies with export growth suggest that the losses from cybercrime could cost as many as 200,000 American jobs, roughly a third of 1% decrease in employment for the US. Using European Union data, which found that 16.7 workers were employed per million Euros in exports to the rest of the world,6 Europe could lose as many as 150,000 jobs due to cybercrime (adjusting for national differences in IP-intensive jobs), or about 0.6% of the total unemployed. These are not always a "net" loss if workers displaced by cyberespionage find other jobs, but if these jobs do not pay as well or better. If lost jobs are in manufacturing (and "the main engine for job creation") or other high-paying sectors, the effect of cybercrime is to shift workers from high-paying to low-paying jobs or unemployment. While translating cybercrime losses directly into job losses is not easy, the employment effect cannot be ignored. The most important cost of cybercrime, however, comes from its damage to company performance and to national economies. Cybercrime damages trade, competitiveness, innovation, and global economic growth. What cybercrime means for the world is: - The cost of cybercrime will continue to increase as more business functions move online and as more companies and consumers around the world connect to the Internet. - Losses from the theft of intellectual property will also increase as acquiring countries improve their ability to make use of it to manufacture competing goods. - Cybercrime is a tax on innovation and slows the pace of global innovation by reducing the rate of return to innovators and investors. - Governments need to begin serious, systematic effort to collect and publish data on cybercrime to help countries and companies make better choices about risk and policy. Details: Santa Clara, CA: Intel Security, McAffee, 2016. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 18, 2014 at: http://www.mcafee.com/hk/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime2.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.mcafee.com/hk/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime2.pdf Shelf Number: 132501 Keywords: Computer CrimeCosts of CrimeCrimes Against BusinessesCybercrimeEconomics of CrimeEmploymentEspionageJobs |
Author: Nadal, Alejandro Title: Leonardo's sailors: A review of the economic analysis of wildlife trade Summary: Illegal trade of wildlife has been recognised as an important driver of biodiversity loss. In many quarters the use of legal markets has been presented as the best policy option for conservation, giving way to the economic analysis of wildlife trade and markets. This paper focuses on the analytical framework used in these analyses and on its deficiencies, both at the conceptual or theoretical level, as well as from an empirical point of view. We examine the implications of using a partial equilibrium framework dominated by comparative statics in all models and the implications of ignoring market structure, strategic behaviour and multi-product operations in key segments of the supply chain. Furthermore, this review considers the way in which demand is conceptualised and the implications of ignoring the role of economic policies. Our study shows that the literature advocating trade as a conservation solution for endangered species relies on models that are based on simplistic and/or extremely restrictive assumptions. In most cases, these models also rely on conceptual tools that have been theoretically discredited. Failure to take into account the theoretical and empirical issues covered in this review undermines recommendations to adopt market-based policies in response to conservation problems. Details: Manchester, UK: University of Manchester, Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value, 2014. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: LCSV Working Paper Series No. 6: http://thestudyofvalue.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WP5-Nadal-and-Aguayo-Leonardos-Sailors-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://thestudyofvalue.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WP5-Nadal-and-Aguayo-Leonardos-Sailors-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 133023 Keywords: Economics of CrimeIllegal Wildlife TradeWildlife ConservationWildlife Crime |
Author: KPMG Title: Too costly to ignore - the economic impact of gender-based violence in South Africa Summary: It is well documented that South Africa has one of the highest rates of gender-based violence (GBV) in the world. But until now what has been less well documented is the economic cost to society of these horrific and unacceptable levels of violence. We see the human cost of gender-based violence every day, but having a calculation of the national economic cost will serve as an important tool in our policy and advocacy efforts to end the suffering and injustice of this violence on a national level. We now know that, using a conservative estimate, gender-based violence costs South Africa between R28.4 billion and R42.4 billion per year - or between 0.9% and 1.3% of GDP annually. This report thus represents an important contribution to the fight against gender-based violence in South Africa Details: Johannesburg: KPMG South Africa, 2014. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2014 at: http://www.kpmg.com/ZA/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/General-Industries-Publications/Documents/Too%20costly%20to%20ignore-Violence%20against%20women%20in%20SA.pdf Year: 2014 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.kpmg.com/ZA/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/General-Industries-Publications/Documents/Too%20costly%20to%20ignore-Violence%20against%20women%20in%20SA.pdf Shelf Number: 133818 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceEconomics of CrimeFamily ViolenceGender-Based ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women (South Africa) |
Author: European Parliament. Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department C Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Title: The Economic, Financial and Social Impacts of Organised Crime in the EU Summary: The aim of the study is to generate a best estimate for the economic, financial and social costs of organised crime in and against the EU and to inform an evidence-based understanding of the associated issues. As so much uncertainty and known intra-EU and inter-crime variation exist, the study refrains from trying to create an aggregate figure for the costs of organised crime and responses to it in the EU as a whole and, instead, where possible, produces estimates for selected offenses. The study underlines that measuring the costs of organised crime is still at an early stage of development and that there is a clear need for more cross-border data matching and investigation in order to improve the quality of the evidence basis for European law enforcement agencies and their effectiveness in fighting organised crime. Details: Brussels: European Union, 2113. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 16, 2014 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/493018/IPOL-JOIN_ET(2013)493018_EN.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/493018/IPOL-JOIN_ET(2013)493018_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 133727 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeOrganized Crime (Europe) |
Author: Ralston, Laura Title: Trafficking and Fragility in West Africa Summary: Trafficking is an emerging concern in West Africa. In 2011, 17 percent of all cocaine consumed in Europe - 21 tons- passed through the region, for a retail value of US$1.7 billion. This paper discusses the evolution of trafficking in the region and provides estimates of the size and value of trafficking flows to demonstrate the significance of this illegal activity. Although this topic is gaining increasing attention, less attention has been has been paid to how trafficking is perpetuating fragility. This paper contributes to this area of research by identifying five channels through which trafficking is intensifying fragility in the region. The relative importance of each channel is discussed, with specific countries as case-study examples. Possible programmatic responses are then suggested with examples of policy approaches successfully adopted elsewhere in the world. Details: Washington, DC: World Bank, Fragility, Conflict and Violence Group, 2014. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Research Working Paper 7079: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/10/31/000158349_20141031143922/Rendered/PDF/WPS7079.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Africa URL: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/10/31/000158349_20141031143922/Rendered/PDF/WPS7079.pdf Shelf Number: 134024 Keywords: CocaineDrug Trafficking (West Africa)Economics of Crime |
Author: Chiba, Saori Title: Behavioral Economics of Crime Rates and Punishment Levels Summary: Empirical studies have shown, paradoxically, that increasing the probability of apprehension can correlate with an increase in the total number of criminal actions. To examine this phenomenon, this paper develops a theory of "personal rules" based on the tradeoff between one's self-image of criminal productivity and the temptation - salience of the present - of taking the easy way out by committing a crime. This theory analyzes transformation of lapses into precedents that undermine future self-restraint. The foundation for this transformation is imperfect recall of one's own criminal productivity within certain defined parameters, which leads people to draw inaccurate inferences from their past actions. Rationalization may lead to overestimation of the expected utility of committing a crime when the opportunity presents itself. Details: Universita Ca' Foscari Venezia - Department of Management, 2014. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Department of Management, Universit Ca' Foscari Venezia Working Paper No. 2014/21 : Accessed November 12, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2511322 Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2511322 Shelf Number: 134039 Keywords: Causes of Crime Decision-Making Economics of CrimeOpportunity Theory |
Author: Kahui, Sherilee Title: Measuring the Economic Costs of Child Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence to New Zealand Summary: There is no excuse for child abuse or intimate partner violence. This would be true, even if the economic cost of these behaviours was zero. As this fresh perspective on the financial and economic costs of child abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV) demonstrates, however, the costs are unacceptably high. As well as reflecting gross reductions in the wellbeing of those involved, they represent the size of impacts which undermine the effectiveness of other factors that would otherwise contribute positively to economic output. More importantly, by far the greatest costs are for unalleviated pain and suffering, for the provision of services that treat immediate pain and crisis while failing to address the root cause and provide pathways to positive results and for cleaning up the mess when brought to the attention of families, enforcement agencies, employers and others. If there was no child abuse and intimate partner violence, the study is conclusive that there would be savings greater than what is currently earned annually from the New Zealand's export of wood. At the high end, the cost of child abuse and intimate partner violence, as estimated by this study, is equal to 60% of what was earned from dairy exports in 2013. The costings in this report were produced to better understand the economic scale and the nature of the impact of child abuse and intimate partner violence. Even updated New Zealand costings of family violence have been largely based on the Coopers & Lybrand cost of family violence based on evidence collected in 1993/94. A more recent study estimating the cost of child abuse was published by Infometrics in 2010. Hence, this is a fresh approach to update both our current state of knowledge, to take another look at what data is available and how to specify the gaps in data. The framework, based on a 2009 KPMG study for Australia, is called the ECCAIPV framework, the Economic Cost of Child Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence framework. Details: Wellington, NZ: The Glenn Inquiry, 2014. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2014 at: https://glenninquiry.org.nz/uploads/files/ECONOMIC_COSTS_OF_CHILD_ABUSE_INTIMATE_PARTNER_ABUSE2.pdf Year: 2014 Country: New Zealand URL: https://glenninquiry.org.nz/uploads/files/ECONOMIC_COSTS_OF_CHILD_ABUSE_INTIMATE_PARTNER_ABUSE2.pdf Shelf Number: 134172 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectCosts of Crime (New Zealand)Economics of CrimeFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence |
Author: Mejia, Daniel Title: The Economics of the War on Illegal Drug Production and Trafficking Summary: We model the war on drugs in source countries as a conflict over scarce inputs of successive levels of the production and trafficking chain. We explicitly model the vertical structure of the drug trade as being composed of several stages, and study how different policies aimed at different stages affect the supply, prices and input markets. We use the model to study Plan Colombia, a large scale intervention in Colombia aimed at reducing the supply of cocaine by targeting illicit crops and illegal armed groups' control of the routes used to transport drugs outside of the country - two of the main inputs of the production and trafficking chain. The model fits many of the patterns found in the data and sheds light on certain puzzling findings. For a reasonable set of parameters that match well the data on the war on drugs under Plan Colombia, our model predicts that the marginal cost to the U.S. of reducing the amount of cocaine transacted in retail markets by one kilogram is $1,631.900 if resources are allocated to eradication efforts; and $267.450 per kilogram if resources are allocated to interdiction efforts Details: Bogota, Colombia: Universidad De Los Andes-Cede, Department of Economics, 2013. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Documento CEDE No. 2013-54 : Accessed November 26, 2014 at: http://economia.uniandes.edu.co/publicaciones/dcede2013-54.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://economia.uniandes.edu.co/publicaciones/dcede2013-54.pdf Shelf Number: 134261 Keywords: CocaineDrug ControlDrug TraffickingEconomics of CrimePlan ColombiaWar on Drugs (U.S.) |
Author: Mosca, Michele Title: The Reuse for Social Aims of Illegal Assets and the Competition Policy. A New Network Strategy to Defeat Organized Crime with It Same "Weapon" Summary: The economic theory of crime considers criminal a rational individual, maximiser and perfectly informed on the costs and benefits of his/her actions, or rather fully able to decide whether to assume a deviant behaviour rather than devoting himself/herself to a legal activity. Such abstraction involves a fundamental implication regarding the policy of prevention and fight against crime, in particular organised crime: if the choice to violate a norm is rational and sustained by a very serious evaluation of the consequent expected utility of this behaviour, a more rational system of penal justice is needed, to reduce its number. Nevertheless, nowadays several impedimental factors make it difficult to realise effective incentive policies against organised crime. This paper aims at analysing the role of reusing for social purposes of the assets confiscated from criminal organisations (currently regulated by the New Anti-Mafia Code, issued by Legislative Decree No. 159/2011) and intends to show - using a theoretical model based on the insights of the Social Network Analysis and Theory of Evolving Networks - that is possible to defeat criminal networks using the same "weapons" which criminal organizations use, that is the same social capital and those same network of relationships which constitute their strength. Details: Naples, IT: University of Naples Federico II, Department of Economics, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2015 at: http://www.siecon.org/online/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Mosca-Villani.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Italy URL: http://www.siecon.org/online/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Mosca-Villani.pdf Shelf Number: 134892 Keywords: Economics of CrimeOrganized Crime (Italy)Social Networks |
Author: Neanidis, Kyriakos C. Title: Crime versus Organized Crime in Italy: Do their Drivers Differ? Summary: This paper empirically examines the determinants of organized crime and of common crime in a panel of Italian regions over the period 1983-2003. In line with the literature, these factors include economic, socio-demographic, and crime-deterrence indicators. The analysis shows that both organized and common crimes respond symmetrically to some drivers, such as crime-deterrence variables and the share of a region's economically active population, reducing both categories of crime. At the same time, there are drivers that influence only one of these types of crime, with higher education and population density both raising organized crime. Overall, this study points to the importance of disentangling the examination of the factors that drive organized crime from those of common crime, useful for the development of strategies specific to addressing each type of crime. Details: Manchester, UK: Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research, Economic Studies, University of Manchester, 2014. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper Series, No. 190: Accessed April 29, 2015 at: http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/cgbcr/discussionpapers/dpcgbcr190.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Italy URL: http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/cgbcr/discussionpapers/dpcgbcr190.pdf Shelf Number: 135413 Keywords: Crime (Italy)Economics of CrimeOrganized Crime |
Author: Mastrobuoni, Giovanni Title: Criminal Careers and Criminal Firms Summary: This study presents new evidence on that nature of criminal careers. Criminologists have studied and described "criminal careers" for over 80 years, beginning with 500 Criminal Careers, the landmark 1930 Glueck and Glueck study documenting the lives of the residents of a Massachusetts juvenile reform school. Our view of criminal careers differs from this long standing and esteemed research, much of which builds on Blumstein et al. (1986) and is recently reviewed in Piquero et al. (2013), in the sense that we will use the framework of labor economics to provide structure to our description of men who engage in robbery in Milan during the early 2000s. Our approach builds on the field of the "Economics of Crime" (Becker, 1968), where criminal behavior is assumed to respond to incentives, much like the behavior of workers and firms. This does not imply that only incentives matter; sociological and psychological factors are likely to matter as well but are not going to be discussed in this study. The contribution of this chapter follows from the comparative advantage that economists have in the quantitative analysis of large data sets derived from administrative records, as well as a clear understanding of concepts like endogeneity, causality, efficiency, incentives, opportunity cost, and general equilibrium. The questions we shed light on are also classics in economics: what is the relationship between age, nationality, or education and labor market entry, job mobility, or retirement? How do periods of unemployment affect future labor market activity? Does experience increase human capital, or are their simply high and low quality workers? We will use economic and econometric reasoning to think about recidivism and victim selection, and will also compare the distribution and productivity of "firms" in the robbery industry with basic facts about "legal firms" in the United States. The ultimate goal of our efforts is to derive sound policy implications that might improve the social wellbeing. There are four social "goods" that are derived from arrest, conviction, and incarceration. First, punishment deters potential criminals by increases the cost associated with criminal behavior. Second, incarceration in particular can physically prevent crime by removing offenders from society. Third, the experience of punishment can have a specific deterrent effect on established criminals, causes them to update their beliefs about the disutility associated with future punishments. Finally, knowing that a criminal has been punished provides non-criminal members of society with a sense of justice or, less diplomatically, vengeance for the committed offenses. In addition to describing the anatomy of criminal careers in Milan, we will also evaluate the extent to which governments in Milan are allocating their scarce resources in a way that achieves these goals. We address these old questions in economics and criminology in a new way, using two sources of administrative data from criminal justice agencies in Milan - the Questura di Milano and records of Dipartimento di Amministrazione Penitenziaria. Both data sources are used to highlight observed characteristics of robbers, and their robberies, that are associated with particularly destructive and socially harmful offenses, and also what characteristics are associated with harsher punishments. If judges assigned sentences in such a way that, in equilibrium, equated the marginal benefit of crime to its marginal cost, we would expect that characteristics that are associated with costly robberies are also associated with harsher punishments. Details: Unpublished paper, 2013. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.frdb.org/upload/file/Report%202.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Italy URL: http://www.frdb.org/upload/file/Report%202.pdf Shelf Number: 135619 Keywords: Criminal CareersEconomics of CrimePunishmentRobberiesRobbers |
Author: Ruddell, Rick Title: Austerity Policing: Responsing to Crime During Economic Downturns Summary: Governments at all levels are grappling with the challenges of increasing demands on police services at the same time that their budgets are threatened with cuts. Although Canada's economy has weathered the financial crisis that started in 2008 with fewer disruptions than in the United Kingdom or the United States, there are signs that global economic conditions, especially in the European Union, continue to be uncertain and those challenges could have a substantial impact upon economic conditions in Canada. Economic uncertainty can have an impact on all government services, including policing. Not only are police budgets under increasing scrutiny but economic disruption, such as high rates of unemployment or inflation, may contribute to an increased demand for police services. Public Safety Canada (2012) identified the following challenges associated with Canadian policing costs: Increasing demands on police combined with decreasing crime rates; Escalating policing costs that are increasingly unsustainable in the current fiscal environment; Limited clarity on how police funding is spent and its efficiency and effectiveness, and the; A need for coordination, focus and leadership. The importance of containing policing costs while ensuring that core policing services (e.g., those related to emergency response, criminal investigations and enforcing laws) are not jeopardized was a key issue examined at the Economics of Policing Summit in January 2013. In many respects, funding for Canadian policing is more stable than in other English speaking common-law nations. Police services throughout the United States have been experiencing funding cutbacks and some jurisdictions have disbanded their police services in favour of contract policing (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012). In the United Kingdom, policing budgets are projected to be cut by as much as one-third. Given these funding shortfalls, police services in those nations are being forced to rethink the manner in which services are delivered, who will deliver them, and how to best manage cuts to police budgets without threatening core policing services. Canadian police services have the luxury of time to scan the environment for threats as well as opportunities for change, and learn what the police in other nations are doing in response to budget cutbacks. It is possible that the lessons learned from our counterparts will enable Canadian police services to better leverage their resources. Former Public Safety Minister Toews, speaking at the Economics of Policing Summit in January 2013, observed that: Police services face two options - they can do nothing and eventually be forced to cut drastically, as we have seen in some countries; or they can be proactive, get ahead of the curve, and have greater flexibility in designing and implementing both incremental and meaningful structural reforms. It is critical that all levels of government and the entire policing community be engaged in innovation and reform efforts, so that we can turn a fiscal challenge into an opportunity to sustain our police services and better serve Canadians. As part of a proactive strategy that examines the economics of policing in the Canadian context a key goal of this study is to review the economics, management, and policing literatures to identify current trends in respect to the relationships between economics and policing, including how police services in other nations have managed austerity. The main findings from this review are that: - There were 11 recessions between 1948 and 2011 and each one has a different set of causes, economic consequences, as well as recovery times and these three factors influence crime rates in an inconsistent manner. - The global economic recovery has been slow and another downturn could have a significant impact upon the Canadian economy, and in turn, police funding. - Police services in the United Kingdom and the United States have responded to the latest recession by cutting costs and attempting to reduce demand. - While police services in other nations have been successful in preserving core functions there is some question as to whether these strategies are sustainable over the long-term. - Long-term austerity policing may negatively influence citizen perceptions of the police and contribute to lower morale of police service staff. - Cost-benefit analyses consistently reveal that investing in policing is a cost-effective public policy. - The RAND cost of crime calculator shows that adding police officers in jurisdictions with high crime rates is a good investment in public safety. - Crime reduction strategies must be developed at the local level, as an approach that is effective in one jurisdiction may be unsuccessful when exported to another community. - The current recession has led to many scholars calling for a "reengineering" or "remaking" of police operations although there is little consensus on what those changes should entail or who should decide what changes should occur. - The newly developed full-circle community safety model may be a useful framework for evaluating police performance. - Most policing studies focus upon big city policing and there is almost no published research on best practices, cost effectiveness or measuring the performance of rural police services. Details: Regina, SASK: University of Regina, Collaborative Centre for, Justice & Safety, 2013. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/ccjs_austerity-policing-1028.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/ccjs_austerity-policing-1028.pdf Shelf Number: 135695 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisEconomics of CrimeEconomics of PolicingEconomyPolice AdministrationPolicingSocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Wilson, Stuart Title: The Changing Economy and Demography of Saskatchewan and its Impact on Crime and Policing: Phase 1 Report: Overview of Demographic, Economic, Crime and Policing Trends in Saskatchewan Summary: This report is the first preliminary report of a larger research project. This larger research project aims to examine the socio-economic determinants of crime, identify how economic and demographic changes in Saskatchewan and its cities have influenced changes in crime rates, and to speculate how crime rates might evolve with continued resource development and the expansion of the Saskatchewan economy. This project will also attempt to identify reactive and proactive responses of police forces in the province to the changing economic, demographic, and crime patterns they face. This first preliminary report provides an overview of the economic and demographic changes that have occurred over the last two decades in Saskatchewan and its ten major cities, and the coinciding changes in policing and crime rates. The Saskatchewan economy shifted into a higher gear around 2006, after two decades of slow population and economic growth, and rising crime rates. The Saskatchewan economy has recently benefitted from: - Rising commodity prices - An export boom - Increased resource exploration and development - An investment and construction boom - Increased international immigration flows - Substantial net interprovincial in-migration Saskatchewan residents are more prosperous and poverty rates have declined. Median family income in Saskatchewan has grown at an average annual rate of 3.7% from 2006 to 2011, in real terms after accounting for inflation, much higher than the 1.1% annual growth in the preceding five years. The prevalence of poverty, as measured by the proportion of individuals living in low-income households, declined from 17.8% in 2005, to 11.3% in 2011, falling below the rates for Manitoba and the country as a whole. Saskatchewan has experienced substantial reductions in rates of violent crime and of property crime while economic conditions in the province improved: The rate of violent crime in Saskatchewan fell by 30% from 2003 to 2012; The rate of property crime fell by 32% from 2003 to 2012 This report is the first preliminary report of a larger research project. This larger research project aims to examine the socio-economic determinants of crime, identify how economic and demographic changes in Saskatchewan and its cities have influenced changes in crime rates, and to speculate how crime rates might evolve with continued resource development and the expansion of the Saskatchewan economy. This project will also attempt to identify reactive and proactive responses of police forces in the province to the changing economic, demographic, and crime patterns they face. This first preliminary report provides an overview of the economic and demographic changes that have occurred over the last two decades in Saskatchewan and its ten major cities, and the coinciding changes in policing and crime rates. The Saskatchewan economy shifted into a higher gear around 2006, after two decades of slow population and economic growth, and rising crime rates. The Saskatchewan economy has recently benefitted from: - Rising commodity prices - An export boom - Increased resource exploration and development - An investment and construction boom - Increased international immigration flows - Substantial net interprovincial in-migration Saskatchewan residents are more prosperous and poverty rates have declined. Median family income in Saskatchewan has grown at an average annual rate of 3.7% from 2006 to 2011, in real terms after accounting for inflation, much higher than the 1.1% annual growth in the preceding five years. The prevalence of poverty, as measured by the proportion of individuals living in low-income households, declined from 17.8% in 2005, to 11.3% in 2011, falling below the rates for Manitoba and the country as a whole. Saskatchewan has experienced substantial reductions in rates of violent crime and of property crime while economic conditions in the province improved: - The rate of violent crime in Saskatchewan fell by 30% from 2003 to 2012 - The rate of property crime fell by 32% from 2003 to 2012 Details: Regina, SASK: University of Regina, Collaborative Centre for Justice and Safety, 2014. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/phase-i-revised-with-cover.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/phase-i-revised-with-cover.pdf Shelf Number: 135696 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics of CrimeSocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Blattman, Christopher Title: Reducing Crime and Violence: Experimental Evidence on Adult Noncognitive Investments in Liberia Summary: We show self control and self image are malleable in adults, and that investments in them reduce crime and violence. We recruited criminally-engaged Liberian men and randomized half to eight weeks of group cognitive behavioral therapy, teaching self control skills and a noncriminal self-image. We also randomized $200 grants. Cash raised incomes and reduced crime in the short-run but effects dissipated within a year. Therapy increased self control and noncriminal values, and acts of crime and violence fell 20--50%. Therapy's impacts lasted at least a year when followed by cash, likely because cash reinforced behavioral changes via prolonged practice. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21204: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21204?utm_campaign=ntw&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntw Year: 2015 Country: Nigeria URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21204?utm_campaign=ntw&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntw Shelf Number: 135781 Keywords: Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyEconomics of CrimeRehabilitationViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Quercioli, Elena Title: The Economics of Counterfeiting Summary: This paper develops a new tractable strategic theory of counterfeiting as a multi-market large game played by good and bad guys. There is free entry of bad guys, who choose whether to counterfeit, and what quality to produce. Opposing them is a continuum of good guys who select a costly verification effort. In equilibrium, counterfeiters produce better quality at higher notes, but verifiers try sufficiently harder that verification still improves. We develop and use a graphical framework for deducing comparative statics. We prove that the passed and counterfeiting rates vanish for low and high notes. Our predictions are consistent with time series and cross-sectional patterns in a unique data set that we assemble largely from the U.S. Secret Service: (1) One plus the seized/passed ratio rises in the note, but less than proportionately; (2) The passed rate rises 40-fold from $1 to $20, and levels off, dropping at higher notes; (3) Counterfeit quality rises in the note; (4) Since 1970, the seized-passed ratio is down 90%, and the passed rate is up 75%; (5) Inexpensive digital production leaped up in 1994-8; and (6) Canada's introduction of color notes temporarily nearly stopped counterfeiting. Details: Unpublished paper, 2013. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1325892 Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1325892 Shelf Number: 135896 Keywords: CounterfeitingEconomics of CrimeFinancial Crimes |
Author: Savona, Ernesto U. Title: From Illegal markets to Legitimate Businesses: the Portfolio of Organised Crime in Europe Summary: This is the final report of Project OCP - Organised Crime Portfolio (www.ocportfolio.eu). Aim of OCP is to carry out an exploratory study of the economics of organised crime in Europe, and in particular to address three research questions, which are covered by the three sections of this report: - Where organised crime proceeds are generated, from which illicit markets (Part 1); - Where these proceeds are then invested in the legitimate economy, in which regions, assets and business sectors (Part 2); - The extent to which these proceeds are confiscated by European authorities (Part 3). The project focuses on seven EU member states (Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom), represented by OCP partners, and for which provides an in-depth analysis. However, the report also presents a broader examination of the situation in Europe as a whole. OCP deals with issues crucial from a policy standpoint but which are characterised by a lack of data and of previous studies. OCP addresses this research gap by adopting an innovative methodology and using a wide range of information, both qualitative and quantitative, deriving from very different sources. Despite its pioneering nature and its data limitations, this report represents a first step towards better understanding of how the organised crime business works. In line with the Transcrime research agenda, it is a starting point for a better identification and reduction of the opportunities exploited by criminals to infiltrate illicit and legitimate markets in Europe. In this sense, this report constitutes an important tool for both public and private institutions to improve the assessment of the risks of organised crime infiltration and to strengthen the tracing and the confiscation of criminal assets in Europe. Details: Milan, Italy: Transcrime, 2015. 341p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 13, 2015 at: http://www.transcrime.it/en/pubblicazioni/the-portfolio-of-organised-crime-in-europe/ Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: https://www.int-comp.org/media/1997/ocp-full-report.pdf Shelf Number: 136004 Keywords: Asset ForfeitureEconomics of CrimeIllicit MarketsOrganized CrimeProceeds of Crime |
Author: Mills, Hannah Title: Understanding Organised Crime: Estimating the scale and the social and economic costs Summary: Understanding the costs of organised crime to the UK is an important priority, as discussed in "Local to Global: Reducing the Risk from Organised Crime" (HM Government, 2011). Estimates of the scale and social and economic costs of organised crime help us set policy and law enforcement priorities and highlight the relative potential benefits of different ways of tackling organised crime. The current research improves estimation methods, discusses a wider range of data, and ultimately provides a considerably broader and more detailed picture of the scale and costs of organised crime to the UK than has previously been available. - The social and economic costs of organised crime to the UK amount to many billions of pounds. Drugs supply ($10.7 billion), organised fraud ($8.9 billion) and organised immigration crime types ($1.0 billion) have major impacts on the UK, and other less visible crimes also cause substantial harm. This report outlines evidence on organised acquisitive crime types; organised child sexual exploitation; counterfeit currency; drugs supply; organised environmental crime; firearms; organised fraud; organised immigration crime; organised intellectual property crime; and organised wildlife crime, which all cause damage to the UK. - The scale of organised crime markets is considerable and the report considers the scale of a range of crime types including drugs, organised fraud and organised immigration crime which clearly generate substantial criminal revenues. Other organised crime types such as organised acquisitive crime, counterfeit currency, and organised intellectual property crime and others are also assessed, as these also provide substantial criminal revenues. - The report takes a cautious approach and applies high standards to the data; data is only included where there is a strong degree of confidence in accuracy. Details: London: Home Office, 2013. 137p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 73: Accessed August 6, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246390/horr73.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246390/horr73.pdf Shelf Number: 131868 Keywords: Cost EffectivenessEconomics of CrimeOrganized Crime |
Author: Farmer, Andrew Title: Qualitative and monetary analysis of the impacts of environmental crime: Overview Summary: The survey of data sources within earlier work within EFFACE showed that the data on environmental crime are usually highly dispersed with limited detailed data collations. The most likely sources of consolidated data are international institutions (such as Conventions and the EU). However, even here data are often limited. As a result it is not possible to provide a robust estimate of the overall impacts of environmental crime as a total figure. There are simply too many gaps for this to be done with any confidence. Therefore, it is important to focus on quantifying the impacts of environmental crime in areas where there are sufficient data for this to be done robustly and with confidence. As a result, the quantitative and monetary analysis has been undertaken for the following five subjects: - The impacts of arson events - The impacts of illegal wildlife trade in rhino and elephant - The impacts of marine pollution - The impacts of illegal WEEE shipments from the EU to China - The impacts of illegal wildlife trade in Horsfieldii Tortoise A common framework to guide data collection, analysis and presentation was agreed. This framework involved three analytical steps on the quantitative assessment of levels of illegal activity, the quantitative assessment of the impacts of that illegal activity and the economic valuation of the impacts of the illegal activity. The results identified good examples of information that can be used to understand impacts of environmental crime. The most useful are good, coherent databases with information about the scale of illegal events (a fires database being a clear case). Another is the linking together of good data from different sources, such as that on illegal elephant and rhino poaching and that on population changes - thus enabling conclusions to be drawn on whether the criminal activity is affecting populations in the wild. Data from different types of sources can help paint a picture of different types of impacts (as seen with the waste shipment case). The work had variable success in determining the quantitative impacts of environmental crime. Problems encountered in doing this have included: - Barriers to determining what level of crime is occurring, where, trends, etc. In some cases there is poor recording of criminal events. However, in other cases it may be difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal activity. - Information about impacts may prove difficult to move from anecdotal to quantitative. - Where crime levels are known, the impacts from such crimes may be mixed with those from legal activities, so that distinguishing impacts is difficult. - There is poor monitoring and recording of changes to environmental quality, health, etc., so that quantitative impacts of criminal activities are not known. As a result, for much of the work here, assessments of quantitative impacts are limited to specific areas where there is sufficient data (or data of sufficient confidence) to provide those estimates. The analyses in this study present different approaches to economic analysis. In some cases the quantitative information is insufficient to develop further economic assessments to any degree of confidence. Some used valuations of the natural environment (e.g. on natural capital loss due to poaching) or to health (e.g. for waste shipment). The fires case has sought to estimate the value of assets lost. Several cases have included information on the financial losses and benefits from those engaged in or affected by the illegal activity. In all cases, the economic analysis does not provide a total value for the impact of the type of environmental crime covered, but economic values for specific impacts. Details: London: Institute for European Environmental Policy, 2015. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: A study in the framework of the EFFACE research project. Accessed August 21, 2015 at: http://efface.eu/sites/default/files/EFFACE%20D3.2a%20-%20Quantitative%20and%20monetary%20analysis%20-%20overview.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://efface.eu/sites/default/files/EFFACE%20D3.2a%20-%20Quantitative%20and%20monetary%20analysis%20-%20overview.pdf Shelf Number: 136516 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeEnvironmental CrimeIllegal TradeOffenses Against the EnvironmentWildlife Crime |
Author: Shaw, Oliver Title: Crime and the value of stolen goods Summary: - This paper uses the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) to investigate the value of stolen goods and its relationship to crime trends. The analysis aims to determine: - the types of stolen goods and their value, and how these have changed over time; - whether these changes have played a role in the crime drop since the mid-1990s; - the extent to which the value of goods affects what types of crimes are committed and which items stolen within these crime types; - whether there is a link between the value of stolen goods and the rate at which crime is reported to the police, i.e. are demands on the police and the wider criminal justice system affected by changes to the value of stolen goods? - The total value of all stolen goods, as reported by victims, was estimated to be $1.8bn in 2013/14. This has fallen from $6.9bn in 1995, a 74 per cent drop. There are two components to this. The number of thefts with loss has fallen by about 60 per cent. But this report shows that the average value of stolen goods from a single theft has also fallen, by about 35 per cent. In other words, the overall economic harm to victims from theft has probably declined by an even greater amount than the number of thefts. - Although there are a number of crime types not fully covered by the CSEW, notably fraud, analysis here suggests that changes in the levels of plastic card fraud have not substantially offset the reduction in overall economic harm to victims. - Theft of vehicles has been the biggest contributor to the fall in value of stolen goods between 1995 and 2013/14. This is due to both the large reduction in numbers of thefts (theft of vehicles is down by 88% since 1995) and a small fall in the mean value of the vehicles stolen. - The distribution of criminal gains from theft is heavily skewed. In 2013/14, just 2 per cent of all thefts accounted for 46 per cent of the total value of goods stolen. This means that the mean value of goods stolen per theft is markedly higher than the median value, and that the latter better represents the typical criminal gain from any one incident of theft (bold highlighted in Table 5). - There has been a high degree of stability in the types of items that are stolen. Cash is most frequently stolen with vehicle parts/accessories, the second most stolen item for every year in which the CSEW has run from 1981 to 2013/14. Of the items stolen that would feasibly be resold by a thief, just nine types of goods - vehicle parts/accessories, cars/vans, bicycles, stereo/hi-fi equipment, clothes, jewellery, tools, garden furniture and mobile phones - account for the top six most stolen items in every year. Value is clearly a factor in determining which goods are most stolen, but it is not the only factor. Details: London: Home Office, 2015. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 81: Accessed October 15, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/468003/horr81.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/468003/horr81.pdf Shelf Number: 136989 Keywords: Crime TrendsEconomics of CrimeStolen GoodsStolen PropertyTheft |
Author: Dengler-Roscher, Kathrin Title: Do Thieves React to Prices? - Evidence from Gas Stations Summary: In this paper we examine whether fuel theft reacts on prices changes. We cooperated with the State Office of Criminal Investigation Stuttgart and collected data on fuel theft. So we have a unique data set with which we can investigate if and how much fuel thieves react on price changes of fuel. We find that fuel price has a statistically significant positive effect on fuel theft. In our most extensive model we include a lagged detection rate and unemployment as further time-variant variables and control for overall crime by including a crime index. Details: Ulm, Germany: Institute of Economics, Ulm University, 2015. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2674651 Year: 2015 Country: Germany URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2674651 Shelf Number: 137140 Keywords: DeterrenceEconomics of CrimeFuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol TheftStealingTheft |
Author: Dengler-Roscher, Kathrin Title: Do Criminals Behave Rationally? Evidence from the Franco-German Border Summary: In this paper we use a new identification strategy to provide further empirical evidence that criminals behave as predicted by rational choice theory. We collected data from German police administration to build an unique data set that contains monthly fuel thefts at gas station level. In a first step, we use exogenous variation of fuel prices to provide empirical evidence that fuel theft reacts to different fuel prices. In a second step, we find empirical evidence that this price effect is stronger when cost-reducing activities of criminals are additionally taken into account. Thereby, we observe the German border area near France where potential French fuel thieves have better opportunities to get away with fuel theft than their German counterparts. Details: Ulm, Germany: Institute of Economics, Ulm University, 2016. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 26, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2712872 Year: 2016 Country: Germany URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2712872 Shelf Number: 137655 Keywords: Criminal BehaviorEconomics of CrimeFuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol TheftRational BehaviorRational Choice TheoryStealing |
Author: Ajzenman, Nicolas Title: On the Distributed Costs of Drug-Related Homicides Summary: Reliable estimates of the effects of violence on economic outcomes are scarce. We exploit the many-fold increase in homicides in 2008-2011 in Mexico resulting from its war on organized drug traffickers to estimate the effect of drug-related homicides on house prices. We use an unusually rich dataset that provides national coverage on house prices and homicides and exploit within-municipality variations. We find that the impact of violence on housing prices is borne entirely by the poor sectors of the population. An increase in homicides equivalent to one standard deviation leads to a 3% decrease in the price of low-income housing. In spite of this large burden on the poor, the willingness to pay in order to reverse the increase in drug-related crime is not high. We estimate it to be approximately 0.1% of Mexico's GDP. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 2014. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 364: Accessed January 28, 2016 at: http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/distributive-costs-drug-related-homicides_0.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/distributive-costs-drug-related-homicides_0.pdf Shelf Number: 132248 Keywords: Drug TraffickingDrug ViolenceDrug-Related ViolenceDrugs and CrimeEconomics of CrimeHomicidesOrganized Crime |
Author: Council of Economic Advisors Title: Economic Perspectives on Incarceration and the Criminal Justice System Summary: Calls for criminal justice reform have been mounting in recent years, in large part due to the extraordinarily high levels of incarceration in the United States. Today, the incarcerated population is 4.5 times larger than in 1980, with approximately 2.2 million people in the United States behind bars, including individuals in Federal and State prisons as well as local jails. The push for reform comes from many angles, from the high financial cost of maintaining current levels of incarceration to the humanitarian consequences of detaining more individuals than any other country. Economic analysis is a useful lens for understanding the costs, benefits, and consequences of incarceration and other criminal justice policies. In this report, we first examine historical growth in criminal justice enforcement and incarceration along with its causes. We then develop a general framework for evaluating criminal justice policy, weighing its crime-reducing benefits against its direct government costs and indirect costs for individuals, families, and communities. Finally, we describe the Administration's holistic approach to criminal justice reform through policies that impact the community, the cell block, and the courtroom. Details: Washington DC: U.S. Executive Office of the President, 2016. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 26, 2016 at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160423_cea_incarceration_criminal_justice.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160423_cea_incarceration_criminal_justice.pdf Shelf Number: 138815 Keywords: Cost-Benefit AnalysisCosts of CorrectionsCosts of Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice PolicyCriminal Justice ReformEconomics of CrimePrisons |
Author: Nese, Annamaria Title: Cooperation, Punishment and Organized Crime: A Lab-in-the Field Experiment in Southern Italy Summary: This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation which allows a deeper insight into the nature of social preferences amongst organized criminals and how these differ from "ordinary" criminals on the one hand and from the non-criminal population in the same geographical area on the other. We provide experimental evidence on cooperation and response to sanctions by running Prisoner's Dilemma and Third Party Punishment games on three different pools of subjects; students, 'Ordinary Criminals' and Camorristi (Neapolitan 'Mafiosi'). The latter two groups being recruited from within prisons. We are thus able to separately identify 'Prison' and 'Camorra' effects. Camorra prisoners show a high degree of cooperativeness and a strong tendency to punish, as well as a clear rejection of the imposition of external rules even at significant cost to themselves. In contrast, ordinary criminals behave in a much more opportunistic fashion, displaying lower levels of cooperation and, in the game with Third Party punishment, punishing less as well as tending to punish cooperation (almost as much) as defection. Our econometric analyses further enriches the analysis demonstrating inter alia that individuals' locus of control and reciprocity are associated with quite different and opposing behaviours amongst different participant types; a strong sense of self-determination and reciprocity both imply a higher propensity to cooperate and to punish for both students and Camorra inmates, but quite the opposite for ordinary criminals, further reinforcing the contrast between the behaviour of ordinary criminals and the strong internal mores of Camorra clans. Details: Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2016. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 9901: Accessed April 27, 2016 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9901.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Italy URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9901.pdf Shelf Number: 138823 Keywords: Economics of CrimeInmatesMafiaOrganized CrimePrisonersPunishment |
Author: Berrittella, Maria Title: An Empirical Analysis of the Public Spending Decomposition on Organized Crime Summary: The aim of this paper is to investigate, empirically, what components of the public spending imply a decreasing effect on the organized crime and what components create opportunities for the organized crime, discussing also the role of government efficiency. The findings show a strikingly consistent pattern. Organized crime mainly operates in the distribution of the public spending for health, housing and community amenities. There is a decreasing effect on organized crime of the public expenditure devoted to education and to create morality values, such as the expenditure for recreation, culture and religion. Finally, government efficiency in public spending is beneficial for reducing the opportunities of the organized crime. Details: Milan: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), 2016. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM): Accessed April 27, 2016 at: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/232005/2/NDL2016-001.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/232005/2/NDL2016-001.pdf Shelf Number: 138825 Keywords: Costs of Criminal Justice Economics of CrimeOrganized Crime |
Author: Urrego, Joaquin A. Title: A Spatial Analysis to Permanent Income as Deterrent of Homicides: the case of Medellin City Summary: This paper studies the relationship between permanent income and homicides, estimating an income-crime elasticity. We assume that this elasticity varies across geographical areas. We estimate different specifications of Spatial Panel Models using information of urban areas in Medellin (Colombia), areas known as communes. Spatial Models consider the importance of location and the type of neighbors of each commune. We simulate an intervention over permanent income in order to estimate the income elasticity for each commune and the average elasticity of income-crime on the city. We provide evidence about spatial dependence between the homicides per commune and their neighbors, and about a relationship between homicides and neighbor's income. In our case of study, the average estimated impact of 1% increase in permanent income in a specific commune produces a decrease in the homicide rate on average in 0.39%. Finally, permanent income plays a crime deterrent role, but also this effect of income on crime varies across the city, showing that some areas are strategically located to this kind of intervention. Details: Medellin, Colombia: Universidad EAFIT, 2016. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Center for Research in Economics and Finance (CIEF), Working Paper : Accessed September 8, 2016 at: https://repository.eafit.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10784/8562/2016_10_Urrego_Joaquin.pdf?sequence=2 Year: 2016 Country: Colombia URL: https://repository.eafit.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10784/8562/2016_10_Urrego_Joaquin.pdf?sequence=2 Shelf Number: 140252 Keywords: Economics of CrimeHomicidesSocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeUrban Areas |
Author: Cortes, Darwin Title: Economic Shocks and Crime: Evidence from the Crash of Ponzi Schemes Summary: In November 2008, Colombian authorities dismantled a network of Ponzi schemes, making hundreds of thousands of investors lose tens of millions of dollars throughout the country. Using original data on the geographical incidence of the Ponzi schemes, this paper estimates the impact of their break down on crime. We find that the crash of Ponzi schemes differentially exacerbated crime in affected districts. Confirming the intuition of the standard economic model of crime, this effect is only present in places with relatively weak judicial and law enforcement institutions, and with little access to consumption smoothing mechanisms such as microcredit. In addition, we show that, with the exception of economically-motivated felonies such as robbery, violent crime is not affected by the negative shock. Details: Caracas, Venezuela: CAF (Development Bank of Latin America), 2016. Source: Internet Resource: Working papers No. 2016/01: Accessed September 17, 2016 at: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10336/11880/dt185.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: Colombia URL: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10336/11880/dt185.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 147940 Keywords: Economics of CrimeFinancial CrimesPonzi SchemesProperty Crime |
Author: Institute for Economics and Peace Title: The Economic Cost of Violence Containment: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Global Cost of Violence Summary: One of the major challenges in developing policies aimed at increasing peace is the difficulty of being able to accurately gauge the benefits that result from peace. Recognising this, the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) has developed a new and ground breaking methodology to estimate the cost of violence to the global economy, including calculations for 152 countries that detail the costs of thirteen different types of violence. This deeper insight into the breakdown of national costs of violence allows for better targeting of development assistance and also enables national governments to more accurately assess the costs associated with violence and the likely benefits that would flow from improvements in peace. In developing this methodology IEP uses the concept of 'violence containment' spending. IEP defines violence containment spending as economic activity that is related to the consequences or prevention of violence where the violence is directed against people or property. This approach uses ten indicators from the Global Peace Index (GPI) and three additional key areas of expenditure to place an economic value on 13 different dimensions. This process has been developed to enable relative comparisons between countries at different levels of economic development. GDP per capita has been used to scale the cost of violence containment for each country. In both the U.S. and the U.K. a number of robust analyses have been conducted on the cost of various types of violence and have been used as the basis for the scaling. This study is highly conservative as there are many items that have not been counted simply because accurate data could not be obtained. Future estimates will attempt to capture these items and therefore are expected to be higher. The economic impact of violence containment to the world economy in 2012 was estimated to be $9.46 trillion or 11 percent of Gross World Product (GWP).* This figure is comprised of $4.73 trillion of direct and indirect costs as well as an additional $4.73 trillion in additional economic activity that would flow from the reinvestment of these costs into more fruitful economic activities. Were the world to reduce its expenditure on violence by fifteen percent it would be enough to provide the necessary money for the European Stability Fund, repay Greece's debt and cover the increase in funding required to achieve the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals. One of the easier items to count is military expenditure, thus it is nearly fully included in the study. Military spending constitutes 51 percent of the total accounted expenditure on violence containment. However, the approach excludes many other forms of violence containment due to a lack of available data. If other forms of violence were included in the overall estimate, it is expected that military spending would drop considerably as a proportion of total violence containment expenditure. It is important to highlight that the world's direct expenditure on the military is more than 12 times the world's expenditure on foreign aid, as measured by Official Development Assistance (ODA). The economic impact of homicides represents the next most significant cost at $1.43 trillion dollars or 15 percent of the total impact. The third largest contributor is spending on internal security officers and police, accounting for around 14 percent of the total, or $1.3 trillion dollars of the economic impact. The longer-term research project for IEP aims to categorise and count many of these relevant areas of expenditure. Some examples of items that have been excluded are: The significant costs related to property crimes, motor vehicle theft, arson, household burglary and larceny/ theft, as well as rape/sexual assault Many of the preventative measures, such as insurance premiums or the costs to businesses of surveillance equipment and lost management time The direct costs of domestic violence in terms of lost wages, emotional costs and recovery costs. While expenditures on containing and dealing with the consequences of violence are important and a necessary public good, the less a nation spends on violence-related functions, the more resources can be allocated to other more productive areas of economic activity. Simply put, economic expenditure on containing violence is economically efficient when it effectively prevents violence for the least amount of outlay. However, money that is diverted to surplus violence containment, or money that is spent on inefficient programs, has the potential to constrain a nation's economic growth. Importantly, many societies that have lower levels of violence and crime also have lower violence containment spending. These societies reap a peace dividend. Details: Sydney: Institute for Economics and Peace, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2016 at: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-Economic-Cost-of-Violence-Containment.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-Economic-Cost-of-Violence-Containment.pdf Shelf Number: 145412 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of Crime ViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Thought Arbitrage Research Institute Title: Socio-Economic Impact of Piracy in the Publishing Sector Summary: The study highlights the economic impact of piracy to the country in publication of books and makes certain policy recommendations to Government of India. It is also brought out that the social impact of piracy includes curbing creativity, intellectual development and research. The impact of piracy on education and learning is also discussed. This is essential to India's emergence as a knowledge economy and manifested in the publication of books which carry forward the passion for knowledge creation, dissemination and help in the drive towards innovation Details: Haryana: Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), 2014. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 31, 2017 at: http://tari.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Study-on-Piracy-in-Publishing-Sector.pdf Year: 2014 Country: India URL: http://tari.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Study-on-Piracy-in-Publishing-Sector.pdf Shelf Number: 145095 Keywords: Economics of CrimeIntellectual PropertyPiracy (Copyright) -- Economic aspectsProduct counterfeiting -- Economic aspects. |
Author: Ngugi, Rose W. Title: Security Risk and Private Sector Growth in Kenya: A Survey Report Summary: Crime is one of the major factors that define the investment climate or the enabling environment for private businesses to thrive. A favorable investment climate is crucial for private sector growth, as it reduces the cost of doing business. A good investment climate attracts private investment by assuring "business security". Security of both property and individuals influences the investment climate. Crime and insecurity in Nairobi and in Kenya as a whole has been on the increase over the years. Indeed, the recent upsurge in crime has been reported in the Economic Survey 2004. Furthermore, concerns about crime and insecurity have been widely broadcasted in the media and have been a subject for discussion in various fora, including parliament. In the 1990s, Nairobi was rated by the United Nations (UN) as one of the most dangerous capital cities and was downgraded from class B to C in the UN security classification. The perceived insecurity in Kenya has also created a negative image of the country within the international community. The Government of Kenya has recognized the problem of crime and insecurity as a major hindrance to rapid economic recovery; as a result, the need for enhancing law and order was identified as one of the priority areas in the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation. Security risk affects performance of firms through various channels. Firms for example loose sales or face low turnover due to reduced demand/market scope, which is partly attributed to limited hours of doing business. Firms also loose sales due to inability to distribute products. However, a few firms, especially those providing security-related services benefit from a high level of insecurity, especially when the government machinery fails to provide adequate security. The competitiveness of firms is also lost due to either high prices of products in an effort to cover the costs of providing individual security or the disincentive to invest in technology that would see the products attain a competitive quality. Security risk also affects investment decisions. Firms may for example be reluctant to undertake heavy and new investments especially if the investment decision is irreversible. Firms may also opt to postpone making investment decisions due to the feeling of insecurity. Insecurity also increases the cost of capital because it raises the risk-premium tagged on financial capital. New entrants into the market may also be discouraged. Therefore, insecurity slows down business growth and deters employment creation and poverty reduction. The aim of this study is to establish the scope, threats and dynamics of crime and insecurity in Kenya. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to examine issues related to insecurity and crime in Nairobi, including the scope, trends and dynamics of insecurity and crime in Kenya; and to review the implications of crime and insecurity on the business environment especially in terms of private sector business operations and investment. The study was conducted in Nairobi City in Kenya. The study mainly utilized a survey design covering households, businesses, individuals and security workers. Additional information was collected from private security firms, community-based organizations and key informants from the public and private sectors. In selection of study respondents, mapping of Nairobi City was carried out to establish spatial and socio-economic characteristics. The city was stratified into 22 clusters to ensure appropriate representation. Respondents were then selected based on predetermined quotas along the different aspects of the study. Details: Nairobi: Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), 2004. 135p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report No. 6: Accessed February 15, 2017 at: http://kippra.or.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=219&Itemid= Year: 2004 Country: Kenya URL: http://kippra.or.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=219&Itemid= Shelf Number: 145330 Keywords: CrimeEconomics of CrimePrivate SecuritySecuritySocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Germa-Bel Title: A two-sided coin: Disentangling the economic effects of the 'War on drugs' in Mexico Summary: Mexican President Felipe Calderon was sworn into office in December 2006. From the outset, his administration was to deploy an aggressive security policy in its fight against drug trafficking organizations (DTOs), in what became known as the Mexican 'War on Drugs'. The policy was strongly condemned because of the 68,000 unintentional deaths directly attributable to it. Here, we evaluate the economic effects of this 'War on Drugs'. To disentangle the economic effects of the policy, we study the effects of homicides and the rise in the homicide rate together with the impact of federal public security grants and state-level military expenditure on economic growth. Using spatial econometrics, we find that at the state-level the number of homicides reduced the Mexican states' GDP per capita growth by 0.20 percentage points, while the growth in the homicide rate increased the states' per capita GDP by 0.81 percentage points. The government's efforts to fight DTOs had a positive and highly significant impact on economic growth. Details: Barcelona: Research Institute of Applied Economics, 2016. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 2016/11 : Accessed February 15, 2017 at: http://www.ub.edu/irea/working_papers/2016/201611.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.ub.edu/irea/working_papers/2016/201611.pdf Shelf Number: 146289 Keywords: Drug TraffickingDrug ViolenceDrug WarsDrug-Related ViolenceEconomics of CrimeHomicides |
Author: Jaitman, Laura Title: The Costs of Crime and Violence: New Evidence and Insights in Latin America and the Caribbean Summary: This publication is the first to provide a comprehensive, systematic, and rigorous analysis of the costs of crime in Latin America and the Caribbean. The main challenges in the region are addressed: the social cost of homicides, private and public spending on security, the penitentiary crisis, violence against women, organized crime, and cybercrime. The volume estimates that the direct cost of crime for 17 LAC countries in 2010-2014 is, on average, 3.5 percent of the region's GDP, twice as much as in the developed world. It also provides a detailed analysis of the costs of crime in Brazil by state, as well as an examination of the geographical distribution and drivers of crime in the most dangerous subregions: the Northern Triangle in Central America and the Caribbean. The situation in terms of violence against women and cybercrime is assessed: the region is lagging behind to confront these new and old crimes. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. 129p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8133/The-Costs-of-Crime-and-Violence-New-Evidence-and-Insights-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean.pdf?sequence=7 Year: 2017 Country: Latin America URL: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8133/The-Costs-of-Crime-and-Violence-New-Evidence-and-Insights-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean.pdf?sequence=7 Shelf Number: 141203 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeCybercrimeEconomics of CrimeHomicidesOrganized CrimePrisonsViolence Against WomenViolent Crime |
Author: Carreon Rodriguez, Victor G. Title: Economic Analysis of Theft Reporting: The Case of Mexico City Summary: Theft is the major component of crime rates in Mexico City and its reporting remains low and stable even when the budget assigned to federal public security reached an increase of 202.23% in 2006-2010. We develop a utility maximization model that attempts to explain the incentives that individuals face when theft reporting and we empirically verify it. We empirically verify a direct relationship between theft reporting and the recovered proportion of what is robbed. Also, we find an inverse relationship between theft reporting and (i) its price, and (ii) theft itself. Details: Mexico: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., 2013. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2017 at: http://www.libreriacide.com/librospdf/DTE-568.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.libreriacide.com/librospdf/DTE-568.pdf Shelf Number: 141204 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics of CrimeTheft |
Author: Caprirolo, Dino Title: Custos de bem-estar do crime no Brasil: Um país de contrastes (Cost of welfare of crime in Brazil: A Country of Contrasts) Summary: n 2014, violence cost US $ 75,894 million to Brazil or 3.14% of GDP. This represents 53% of the total cost of crime in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Brazil stands out for its high spending on private security (48% of the total cost of crime). Public expenditure is the second largest component (36% of costs), while social costs make up the smallest part (16% of the cost). The cost of crime between states and regions is similar in terms of heterogeneity to that observed in LAC countries. There are states whose cost corresponds to about 2% of GDP, while in others violence costs about three times more. The heterogeneity also manifests itself in terms of composition: in some states, social costs represent a relatively large share, while in others, public or private spending accounts for the highest costs of crime. Details: Washington, DC Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento. Divisão de Capacidade Institucional do Estado, 2017. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Nota técnica do BID ; 1243: Accessed February 24, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8131/Custos-de-bem-estar-do-crime-no-Brasil-um-pais-de-contrastes.pdf?sequence=1 (In Portuguese) Year: 2017 Country: Brazil URL: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8131/Custos-de-bem-estar-do-crime-no-Brasil-um-pais-de-contrastes.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 141209 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of ViolenceEconomics of CrimeViolenceViolent CrimeWelfare |
Author: Carvalho, Alexandre Title: Socioeconomic Structure, Self-Fulfillment, Homicides and Spatial Dependence in Brazil Summary: In this article we develop a theoretical model to explain the homicide rate in any given place and construct a Bayesian model with a spatial structure to test the hypotheses. We assume that in his quest for self-fulfillment the individual, when taking the decision to perpetrate violence, not only responds to expected economic costs and benefits, but also to an internal system of reward and punishment, synthesized by the emotions. Symbolic valuation, in particular, with respect to conventional rules and the subjective valuation of life itself, depends on socioeconomic and age-group bonds. Theoretical conclusions show that the probability of victimization by violence is higher in places with greater income inequality, larger proportion of youths in the population and socioeconomic vulnerability. The model tested covered 5.507 Brazilian municipalities from 1999 to 2001, and we calculated the risk of a resident in any given municipality being a victim of homicide. This variable was confronted with other structural variables in order to obtain homicide elasticities and the effect of spatial dependency in explaining the risk of local victimization. The results suggest that there is evidence to support the theoretical propositions. Details: Rio de Janeiro: Institute for Applied Economic Research, 2005. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: IPEA Discussion Paper No. 1105: Accessed February 24, 2017 at: http://www.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/TDs/ingles/dp_151.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/TDs/ingles/dp_151.pdf Shelf Number: 141210 Keywords: Economics of CrimeHomicidesSocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeViolent Crime |
Author: Guevara Moyano, Inigo Title: Sharp Around the Edges: A Comparative Analysis of Transnational Criminal Networks on the Southern Borders of NAFTA and the EU Summary: Although radically different in so many ways, Mexico and Bulgaria share the common benefits, grievances, and some major misfortunes of being on the bottom end of the two most powerful economic development polls in the Western World: NAFTA and the EU. The most disrupting of misfortunes is that both countries have become hubs to a broad number of Transnational Criminal Networks (TCNs). This paper compares TCN's in Mexico and Bulgaria, analyzing their network’s structure, modus operandi, and development, prescribing a set of recommendations to assist the institutions in charge of combating them as well as those that need to survive them. Details: Bogota, Colombia: Vortex Foundation, 2014. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Vortex Working Paper no. 13: Accessed March 2, 2017 at: http://www.casede.org/BibliotecaCasede/13VWPSharpAround.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.casede.org/BibliotecaCasede/13VWPSharpAround.pdf Shelf Number: 141259 Keywords: Criminal NetworksEconomics of CrimeOrganized CrimeSocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: El Kamouni-Janssen, Floor Title: 'Only God Can Stop the Smugglers': Understanding smuggling networks in Libya Summary: This report examines human smuggling networks in Libya. The smuggling of human beings is an established fact of today’s political economy in Libya and it is firmly embedded in local subsistence economies. As such there is a dizzying array of actors involved in the business of which some claim to act on behalf of the state. The human smuggling business not only brings them money, it also offers the opportunity to acquire legitimacy and political and territorial power. An understanding of the incentives and objectives of these actors to enage in the human smuggling business not only shows why it is so difficult to root out human smuggling in Libya, but it is also essential in formulating realistic and humane policies to address human smuggling in and through Libya Details: The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael', 2017. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: CRU Report: Accessed March 3, 2017 at: https://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/only_god_can_stop_the_smugglers.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Libya URL: https://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/only_god_can_stop_the_smugglers.pdf Shelf Number: 141308 Keywords: Criminal NetworksEconomics of CrimeHuman SmugglingMigrants |
Author: Idris, Iffat Title: Youth unemployment and violence: Rapid Literature Review Summary: This literature review looks at the evidence for a causal link between youth unemployment and violence in stable developing countries, focusing on crime, gang violence and domestic violence. It also looks at the effectiveness of donor programming to address this issue, and identifies areas where further research is needed. Perceived link between youth unemployment and violence The literature shows a strong acceptance of the assumption that youth unemployment is a factor leading to violence - both criminality and youth participation in political violence and armed groups. The hypothesis is that, without jobs, young people are prone to violence and pose a threat to society. This is thought to be particularly the case in countries with a high proportion of young people - 'youth bulges'. A search for empirical evidence to back up this hypothesis reveals two critical points: 1) a lack of consistency about terminology and definitions; and 2) a lack of data. Youth is defined differently in different countries/regions and by different agencies: whereas the UN defines youth as the age group from 15 to 24 years old, it can include someone as young as 12 or as old as 35. There also tends to be an assumption that youth in the context of unemployment and violence refers only to young males, not females. Moreover, there is ambiguity about whether it is unemployment or under-employment and the quality of work young people have that is relevant. Finding accurate, up-to-date, comprehensive, gender and age-disaggregated data on youth in developing countries is a major challenge. This is arguably even more the case in relation to unemployment and violence than in 'traditional' development sectors such as education and health. Details: Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham, 2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2017 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/58c8019640f0b67ec500018c/YouthUnemployment_Violence.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/58c8019640f0b67ec500018c/YouthUnemployment_Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 145147 Keywords: Developing CountriesDomestic ViolenceEconomics of CrimeGang ViolenceUnemployment and CrimeYouthful Offenders |
Author: Loureiro, Andre Oliveira Ferreira Title: Essays on crime, hysteresis, poverty and conditional cash transfers Summary: This thesis encompasses three essays around criminal behaviour with the first one analysing the impact of programmes aimed at poverty reduction, the second one developing a theoretical model of hysteresis in crime, and the third one empirically investigating the hysteresis hypothesis in crime rates. In the first chapter I investigate the impact of conditional cash transfers (CCT) on crime rates by analysing the Brazilian Bolsa Familia, the largest CCT programme in the world, in a panel data between 2001 and 2008. The related existing economic literature analysing general welfare programmes usually ignores the crucial endogeneity involved in the relationship between crime rates and social welfare policies through poverty, since poorer regions are focused in the distribution of resources. I use the existing temporal heterogeneity in the implementation of the programme across the states to identify the causal impact of CCT programmes on poverty and criminality. The guidelines of the Brazilian programme established that the amount of resources available for each state should be based on the poverty levels in the 2000 Census. However, due to reasons unrelated to poverty levels and crime rates, some states were able to implement the programme to a greater extent more quickly than others. States that reached the level of cash transfer expenditures proposed by the guidelines of the programme more promptly had a more significant reduction in poverty rates. Similar but less robust results are found for crime rates as robbery, theft and kidnapping, while no significant effects were found for homicide and murder, indicating a weak or non-existent relationship between conditional cash transfers and crime. I also develop, to my knowledge, the first theoretical model to explicitly account for hysteresis - a situation where positive exogenous variations in the relevant economic variables have a different effect from negative variations - in both criminal behaviour and crime rates in order to fill the gap between the theoretical predictions and the empirical evidence about the efficiency of policies in reducing crime rates. The majority of the theoretical analyses predict a sharp decrease in crime rates when there are significant improvements in the economic conditions or an increase in the probability of punishment. However, the existing empirical studies have found lower than expected effects on crime rates from variations in variables related to those factors. One important consequence of hysteresis is that the effect on an outcome variable from positive exogenous variations in the determining variables has a different magnitude from negative variations. For example, if hysteresis is present in the criminal behaviour and part of the police force in a city are dismissed in a given year, resulting in an escalation in crime, a reversal of the policy in the following year by readmitting all sacked police officers in an attempt to restore the original crime levels will result in lower crime rates, but higher than the original ones, Details: Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2013. 153p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 28, 2017 at: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7913 Year: 2013 Country: International URL: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7913 Shelf Number: 145189 Keywords: Conditional Cash Transfers Crime Rates Economics of CrimePoverty and Crime |
Author: Munyo, Ignacio Title: The Effects of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations on the Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence in Uruguay Summary: In this paper, we bring to light the experiences resulting from the significant depreciation of the Uruguayan real exchange rate between 2002 and 2003, followed by an equally considerable appreciation between 2004 and 2010. We explore the link between these fluctuations and the incidence of domestic violence taking place in Uruguay. The real exchange rate is a measure of the relative price between tradable and nontradable goods. While men are traditionally employed in tradable industries, such as manufacturing, women are more likely to work in nontradable industries, such as the service sector. A change in the real exchange rate, therefore, can affect the potential wages of men differently from those of women. In line with the models that represent household bargaining, an increase in the real exchange rate can generate an increase in the bargaining power of men relative to that of women within the household. We present evidence that it raises the frequency of domestic violence. This holds true in rich and poor areas of the city. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: IDB WORKING PAPER SERIES No. IDB-WP-618 : Accessed May 1, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7211/ICS_WP_Effects_Real_Exchange_Rate_Fluctuations_on_Gender_Wage_Gap_and_Domestic_Violence_Uruguay.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2015 Country: Uruguay URL: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7211/ICS_WP_Effects_Real_Exchange_Rate_Fluctuations_on_Gender_Wage_Gap_and_Domestic_Violence_Uruguay.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 145222 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceEconomics of CrimePoverty and CrimeViolence Against Women |
Author: Buonanno, Paolo Title: Inequality, Crime and the Long Run Legacy of Slavery Summary: This paper investigates the relationship between economic inequality and crime in Colombian municipalities. Following recent scholarly research that suggests that the legacy of slavery is largely manifest in persistent levels of economic inequality, we instrument economic inequality with a census-based measure of the proportion of slaves in each municipality before the abolition of slavery in the 19 century. We also explore the robustness of our estimates to relaxing the exclusion restriction, as the slavery instrument is only plausibly exogenous. We document a strong association between inequality and both violent and property crime rates at the municipal level. Our estimates are robust to including traditional determinants of crime (like population density, the proportion of young males, the average education level, the quality of law enforcement institutions, and the overall economic activity), as well as current ethnic differences and geographic characteristics that may be correlated both with the slave economy and with crime. Details: Caracas: Development Bank of Latin American, 2016. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 2016/17: Accessed May 1, 2017 at: http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/987/BuonannoVargas_CAF_WP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: Colombia URL: http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/987/BuonannoVargas_CAF_WP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 145224 Keywords: Economics of CrimeInequality and Crime Slavery Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Dewey, Matias Title: Porous borders: The Study of Illegal Markets from a Sociological Perspective Summary: State concerns about crime and security issues have strongly affected conceptions of economic action outside the law, a traditional field of research in sociology. This increasing encroachment by policy-related concerns on the intellectual framework of the discipline has led, on one hand, to an almost exclusive focus on criminal organizations in the analyses of illegal economic activity. On the other hand, it has led to the downplaying of the importance of classic topics of sociological reflection, such as the embeddedness of action, the moral dimension of illegal products, or the relationship between social change and the spread of illegal exchanges. This short paper problematizes economic action outside the law by taking legal definitions and their effects seriously. It begins with the problem of naturalizing state definitions. This is followed by a discussion of the illegality of illegal markets, which illustrates sociological contributions. Finally, three dimensions of the study of illegal markets are suggested. Overall, the paper lays out a research program for this field of sociological inquiry. Details: Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne, 2016. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: MPIfG Discussion Paper 16/2: Accessed May 1, 2017 at: http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg_dp/dp16-2.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg_dp/dp16-2.pdf Shelf Number: 145228 Keywords: Border Security Economics of CrimeIllegal Markets Organized Crime |
Author: Aziani, Alberto Title: Shrinking businesses and expanding graveyards: how fluctuations in the value of cocaine markets influence the recourse to lethal violence Summary: Many scholars have investigated the escalation of violence associated with drug trafficking. Despite the plethora of literature, limited attention has been paid to the consequences of fluctuations in the value of markets. This study addresses this lacuna in extant research by proposing an original estimate of the gross value added of cocaine markets in 151 countries between the period 1998-2013, taking into consideration both national and international dimensions of cocaine trafficking through recourse to a flow/network approach. In conjunction with this, the fluctuation of the gross value added of the cocaine market is examined in terms of an etiological factor in the upsurge of interpersonal lethal violence. The analysis demonstrates how expansions and contractions of the gross value added in cocaine markets are significant determinants of the level of violence within the respective countries that constitute the global cocaine network. Finally, through mobilising innovative methods for estimating drug law enforcement actions, the study problematizes extant methods for disrupting drug trafficking on the basis that they may, paradoxically, engender cycles of violence. Details: Milan: UNIVERSITA CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE, 2016. 287p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 13, 2017 at: https://tesionline.unicatt.it/bitstream/10280/17473/1/Alberto%20Aziani%20_%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://tesionline.unicatt.it/bitstream/10280/17473/1/Alberto%20Aziani%20_%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf Shelf Number: 145472 Keywords: CocaineDrug MarketsDrug TraffickingDrug-Related ViolenceEconomics of Crime |
Author: King, Raymond Title: The Effects of Organizational Agility on Transnational Crime in Jamaica Summary: Factors influencing incidents of transnational crime in Jamaica and the international community have been established in the literature. However, strategies to counter transnational security threats have been predicated on a foundation of re-activity, necessitating the need for proactive crime fighting efforts. This study investigated the effects of organizational agility, a proactive crime abatement strategy, on transnational crimes in Jamaica using quantitative analysis. An input-output framework based on economic theory, along with a multiple regression model provided the analytic foundation for this study. Thirty-two years of crime data between 1982 and 2013, one independent variable-organizational agility, and five control variables comprised the analytic model. Chief among the findings are that organizational agility as a proactive crime abatement strategy was found to be inversely related to incidents of transnational crime at α = 0.05 and that the overall model explained 91% of the variation in transnational crime incidents. Details: Miami Gardens, FL: St. Thomas University, 2015. 119p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 7, 2017 at: http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1749780648.html?FMT=AI Year: 2015 Country: Jamaica URL: http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1749780648.html?FMT=AI Shelf Number: 145952 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime StatisticsEconomics of CrimeSocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeTransnational Crime |
Author: Irvin-Erickson, Yasemin Title: A Neighborhood-Level Analysis of the Economic Impact of Gun Violence Summary: National conversations on the economic costs of gun violence tend to focus on the health care costs faced by victims, lost productivity, and the financial burden of gun-related health care, enforcement, and correctional supervision costs on taxpayers. Despite broad interest in estimating the economic costs of gun violence at the national and individual levels, these conversations rarely address the impact of gun violence on the health of local economies. We know little about how local economies respond to increased gun violence, especially sharp and sudden increases (or surges) in gun violence. Do surges in gun violence slow business growth and lower home values, homeownership rates, and credit scores in communities? How do increases in gun violence shape local economic health over time? To answer these important questions, we assembled and analyzed newly available business establishment and credit score data, as well as gunshot and sociodemographic data by census tract, for six cities: Baton Rouge, LA; Minneapolis, MN; Oakland, CA; Rochester, NY; San Francisco, CA; and Washington, DC. Police departments in four of these cities (Minneapolis, Oakland, San Francisco, and Washington, DC) provided gun homicide data. Baton Rouge gun homicide data were retrieved from the Parish of East Baton Rouge Open Data Portal. Gun homicide data were not available for Rochester. Because the gun violence data and economic indicators did not cover the same time period in all six cities, we examined the relationship between gun violence and local economic health differently in different cities, considering the availability of data for each city. Our findings demonstrate that surges in gun violence can significantly reduce the growth of new retail and service businesses and slow home value appreciation. Further, higher levels of neighborhood gun violence can be associated with fewer retail and service establishments and fewer new jobs. Higher levels of gun violence were also associated with lower home values, credit scores, and homeownership rates. We interviewed homeowners, renters, business owners, and representatives of neighborhood associations and other nonprofit organizations in these six cities to see how they perceive and respond to gun violence. Business owners said they were determined to not allow hardships caused by gun violence to put them out of business, but they also detailed the significant costs they incur (in both security expenses and lost revenue) to stay open. Respondents of all types noted that gun violence has led to certain types of retail and service businesses moving out of the areas where they live and work. Across the board, they shared that gun violence hurts housing prices and drives people to relocate from or avoid moving to affected neighborhoods. Homeowners, like business owners, are also financially affected by gun violence and may be compelled to invest in security technologies to protect themselves, their homes, and their families. The data and research findings from this study can lend a new, economically driven lens to responses to gun violence. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2017. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2017 at: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/90671/eigv_final_report_1.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/90671/eigv_final_report_1.pdf Shelf Number: 146237 Keywords: Economic AnalysisEconomics of CrimeGun ViolenceGun-Related ViolenceNeighborhoods and CrimeViolent Crime |
Author: Ferroni, Matteo Francesco Title: Which are the Causes of Criminality in Brazil? Summary: The objective of this study is to better understand the determinants of criminality rate in Brazil, more specifically the determinants of homicides. I based myself on Becker's model of criminal rational behavior. After selecting some economical and sociological variables, I run a cross sectional regression using the data of 2010 from 608 Brazilian municipalities. My main result suggests that inequality has an impact on the homicide rate while poverty does not. Furthermore, there is evidence proving that urbanization and unemployment are positively related to the homicides, whereas education is negatively related. On the other hand the age composition of the population is positively related only until a certain level. Details: Unpublished paper, 2014. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2017 at: http://www.economicsocietybocconi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ferroni1.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.economicsocietybocconi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ferroni1.pdf Shelf Number: 146728 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics of CrimeInequality and CrimePovertySocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Sviatschi, Maria Micaela Title: Essays on Human Capital, Labor and Development Economics Summary: This dissertation contains four essays on human capital, labor and development economics. The first two chapters study how exposure to particular labor markets during childhood determines the formation of industry-specific human capital generating longterm consequences in terms of adult criminal behavior, labor outcomes and state legitimacy. The third chapter explores how criminal capital developed during childhood can be exported to other locations generating spillover effects on human capital accumulation. Finally, the last chapter studies how improving access to justice for women affects children's outcomes. Chapter 1, "Making a Narco: Childhood Exposure to Illegal Labor Markets and Criminal Life Paths", shows that exposing children to illegal labor markets makes them more likely to be criminals as adults. I exploit the timing of a large anti-drug policy in Colombia that shifted cocaine production to locations in Peru that were well-suited to growing coca. In these areas, children harvest coca leaves and transport processed cocaine. Using variation across locations, years, and cohorts, combined with administrative data on the universe of individuals in prison in Peru, affected children are 30% more likely to be incarcerated for violent and drug-related crimes as adults. The biggest impacts on adult criminality are seen among children who experienced high coca prices in their early teens, the age when child labor responds the most. No effect is found for individuals that grow up working in places where the coca produced goes primarily to the legal sector, implying that it is the accumulation of human capital specific to the illegal industry that fosters criminal careers. As children involved in the illegal industry learn how to navigate outside the rule of law, they also lose trust in government institutions. However, consistent with a model of parental incentives for human capital investments in children, the rollout of a conditional cash transfer program that encourages schooling mitigates the ef- fects of exposure to illegal industries. Finally, I show how the program can be targeted by taking into account the geographic distribution of coca suitability and spatial spillovers. Overall, this paper takes a first step towards understanding how criminals are formed by unpacking the way in which crime-specific human capital is developed at the expense of formal human capital in "bad locations." While my first chapter focuses on low-skilled labor and criminal capital, my second chapter studies the expansion of high-skilled labor markets. In Chapter 2, "Long-term Effects of Temporary Labor Demand: Free Trade Zones, Female Education and Marriage Market Outcomes in the Dominican Republic", I exploit the sudden and massive growth of female factory jobs in free trade zones (FTZs) in the Dominican Republic in the 1990s, and subsequent decline in the 2000s, to provide the first evidence that even relatively brief episodes of preferential trade treatments for export industries may have permanent effects on human capital levels and female empowerment. Focusing on a sample of provinces that established FTZs and exploiting variation in the opening of zones and age of women at the time of opening, I show that the FTZs' openings led to a large and very robust increase in girls' education. The effect persists after a decline in FTZs' jobs in the 2000s following the end of a trade agreement with the U.S. and an increase in competition from Asia. The reason appears to be that the increase in some girls' education changed marriage markets: girls whose education increased due to the FTZs' openings married later, had better matches with more stable marriages, gave birth later, and had children who were more likely to survive infancy. In sum, the evidence in this paper indicates that labor markets can improve female outcomes in developing countries through general equilibrium effects in the education and marriage markets. Another question I address in my dissertation is whether criminal capital developed during childhood can be exported to other locations. In the first chapter, I find that individuals take skills related to the illegal drug industry with them when they move to other districts, even when they move to districts without significant illegal industries. Chapter 3, "Exporting Criminal Capital: The Effect of U.S. Deportations on Gang Expansion and Human Capital in Central America", provides new evidence on how an increase in criminal capital due to deportations from the US affects human capital investments in El Salvador. In 1996, the U.S. Illegal Immigration Responsibility Act drastically increased the number of criminal deportations. In particular, the leaders of large gangs in Los Angeles were sent back to their countries. In addition to having a direct effect, the arrival of individuals bringing criminal skills and connections may have generated important spillover effects. We exploit this policy to look at the impact that deportation policies and the subsequent arrival of criminal capital to El Salvador had on several educational and economic outcomes. Using the 1996 policy and geographical variation in the exact location and delimitation of different gang groups, we find that criminal deportations led to large increase in crime and decrease in human capital accumulation for children living in these areas. Overall, this project helps to understand one of the reasons why El Salvador is among the world's most violent peacetime countries. Understanding these effects is crucial for public policy to successfully incorporate deported criminals back into society. While my work in the Dominican Republic and the previous literature has shown that increasing the returns to education for women incentivizes schooling, there is little evidence on how domestic violence affects human capital development and whether improving access to institutions for women can address these issues. During my field work in rural areas of Peru, I found that institutions do not usually address the problems facing women or ethnic and religious minorities. For example, the police do very little to stop domestic violence. Moreover, in many cases, women do not even trust these institutions enough to report these issues. Chapter 4, "Inter-Generational Impacts of Improving Access to Justice for Women: Evidence from Peru", exploits the introduction of women's justice centers (WJCs) in Peru to provide causal estimates on the effects of improving access to justice for women and children. Our empirical approach uses variation over time in the distance from schools and households to the nearest WJC together with province- by-year fixed effects. After the opening of WJC, we find that primary school enrollment increases at schools that are within a 1km radius of a WJC and the effect decreases with distance. In addition, we also find that primary school second graders have better test scores in reading and mathematics. Moreover, we find that children in primary school living in household's located near a WJC are more likely to attend school, to pass a grade and they are also less likely to drop out of school. We also provide some evidence that these improvements might be driven by an increase in the bargaining power of women inside the household and decrease in domestic violence. In sum, the evidence in this paper shows that providing access to justice for women can be a powerful tool to reduce domestic violence and increase education of children, suggesting a positive inter-generational benefit. Details: New York: Columbia University, 2017. 243p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 20, 2017 at: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:nk98sf7m24 Year: 2017 Country: South America URL: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:nk98sf7m24 Shelf Number: 147415 Keywords: Child LaborCocaineDrug PolicyEconomics of CrimeGangsIllegal DrugsIllegal ImmigrantsIllegal IndustriesLabor MarketsViolence Against Women |
Author: Shaw, Mark Title: Africa's Changing Place in the Global Criminal Economy Summary: Africa's role in the global criminal economy is shifting. This is a function of several factors, including changes in African and global illicit markets, as well as the kinds of vulnerabilities that have marked the continent's recent history. This shift has happened in a fairly short space of time - notably over the last two decades. Tracking this change is challenging, however. Data is scarce given that research on how Africa is connected to the global criminal economy is but in its infancy. But if the detrimental effects on Africa caused by global illicit markets and organised crime could be efficiently captured and measured - in terms of lost lives and lost livelihoods, poor governance, conflict, the obliteration of natural resources (such as rare animal species) - then the cumulative damage would no doubt be clearer for all to see. The results would highlight the need for a sustained focus to address the challenge. But, even with the fragmentary data that we do have, there can be little doubt that organised crime has emerged as a key feature of the African policy debate in recent years. Its impact is widespread and growing, yet it is little understood. The rising influence of criminal networks is part of a wider realignment of the international system, to which Africa belongs. An array of networks - commercial, social, political and criminal - now stand alongside traditional forms of statehood.1 Disentangling these interwoven networks and understanding how the criminal economy in particular, shapes governance and distorts development must now be key objectives for analysts of African affairs. References to criminal influence and 'shadow economies' are now pervasive in much of the recent writing on Africa, but there have been few attempts to consider these phenomena in their own right. Several analysts have observed that, far from isolating Africa from the global economy, illicit markets are integrating the continent in a significant way - even if only into the perverse underside of globalisation. Criminal markets, for example, have revitalised ancient African trade and pilgrimage routes that connect the continent to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. In patterns that are both old and new, Africa is becoming more enmeshed in a global web of illicit economic networks. Today, the continent is regularly featured in media reports on worldwide criminal markets and organised crime. Such coverage often focuses on what might be called organised corruption; the so-called 'migrant crisis' enabled by human smuggling from North Africa and the Sahel; or the poaching of animal species, such as rhinos and elephants in Southern Africa; the growth of different types of financial fraud; or the illegal trade in commodities or drugs across the continent. Indeed, one of the marked features of Africa's criminal economy is its diversity. How do we analyse the recent growth of these illicit markets and the organised-crime networks associated with them in Africa? And how do we understand and measure their impact on indicators such as governance, economic development, poverty reduction, human security and quality of life? What impact do they have on Africa's long-standing (and increasing) conflicts and on violence? And how can we do so in a way that is useful across the plethora of criminal challenges Africa now faces? These are the challenges that the ENACT project aims to address. The objective of ENACT is to enrich the foundation of the evidence basis on organised crime and its activities across the continent through research, qualitative and quantitative data gathering, multi-sectoral policy engagement, awareness raising and advocacy. But at the outset of this project, it is clear that the way in which organised crime in Africa has evolved cannot be understood without understanding wider trends in the global criminal economy. That is the focus of this report. Details: Pretoria: ENACT, 2017. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Continental Report 01: Accessed September 27, 2017 at: https://enact-africa.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/2017-09-26-enact-continental-report1.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Africa URL: https://enact-africa.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/2017-09-26-enact-continental-report1.pdf Shelf Number: 147471 Keywords: Criminal MarketsCriminal NetworksEconomics of CrimeIllegal tradeIllicit MarketsOrganized Crime |
Author: Autor, David H. Title: Gentrification and the Amenity Value of Crime Reductions: Evidence from Rent Deregulation Summary: Gentrification involves large-scale neighborhood change whereby new residents and improved amenities increase property values. In this paper, we study whether and how much public safety improvements are capitalized by the housing market after an exogenous shock to the gentrification process. We use variation induced by the sudden end of rent control in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1995 to examine within-Cambridge variation in reported crime across neighborhoods with different rent-control levels, abstracting from the prevailing city-wide decline in criminal activity. Using detailed location-specific incident-level criminal activity data assembled from Cambridge Police Department archives for the years 1992 through 2005, we find robust evidence that rent decontrol caused overall crime to fall by 16 percent-approximately 1,200 reported crimes annually-with the majority of the effect accruing through reduced property crime. By applying external estimates of criminal victimization's economic costs, we calculate that the crime reduction due to rent deregulation generated approximately $10 million (in 2008 dollars) of annual direct benefit to potential victims. Capitalizing this benefit into property values, this crime reduction accounts for 15 percent of the contemporaneous growth in the Cambridge residential property values that is attributable to rent decontrol. Our findings establish that reductions in crime are an important part of gentrification and generate substantial economic value. They also show that standard cost-of-crime estimates are within the bounds imposed by the aggregate price appreciation due to rent decontrol. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper No. 23914: Accessed October 9, 2017 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23914 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23914 Shelf Number: 147613 Keywords: Economics of CrimeGentrificationNeighborhoods and Crime |
Author: KPMG Title: The cost of violence against women and their children in Australia. Final Detailed Report Summary: Understanding the total cost of violence against women and their children is critical to support the implementation of The National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children 2010-2022 (the National Plan) Violence against women and their children is a crime and a fundamental breach of human rights. It has significant and far-reaching implications for its victims, their children, their families and friends, and the broader Australian economy. It is estimated that in this year alone, over one million women have or will experience violence, emotional abuse and stalking. The implications of experiencing violence can include long term social, health, and psychosocial impacts, death, and broader financial and the economic impacts on individuals and the broader community and economy. Addressing the issue of violence against women and their children is complex, and will necessitate generational change and ongoing and targeted investment into long term solutions. The collective commitment by Commonwealth, state and territory governments made by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) towards the development of the National Plan represented an important step towards developing a national approach to reducing the prevalence of violence. The National Plan identified the importance of establishing a more comprehensive and consistent evidence base to better inform policy decisions on a jurisdictional and national level. Significant momentum for change has also been created by Rosie Batty's extensive public awareness raising, the 227 recommendations from the Royal Commission into Family Violence (Victoria), and the release of the Queensland Government report and recommendations Not Now, Not Ever - Putting an End to Domestic and Family Violence in Queensland. - Recent studies have found that there are a number of key challenges to understanding the cost of violence, due to limitations in the data in understanding the prevalence and impacts of violence for specific cohorts, geographies, and forms of violence. - Our understanding of violence is also evolving - as new research, data and information is made available, the definition of violence is being refined and expanded. The purpose of this Technical Report is to progress the development of the evidence base informing The National Plan and the Third Action Plan 2016-2019 - Promising Results. For the purpose of comparability of results, the approach is consistent with previous work undertaken, however, has been expanded and updated to reflect the most recent prevalence information, data and research. The Report updates and extends KPMG's 2009 calculations and analysis for Estimating the Cost of Violence Against Women and their Children. Details: Canberra ACT: Australian Department of Social Services, 2016. 119p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 16, 2017 at: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/08_2016/the_cost_of_violence_against_women_and_their_children_in_australia_-_final_report_may_2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/08_2016/the_cost_of_violence_against_women_and_their_children_in_australia_-_final_report_may_2016.pdf Shelf Number: 147694 Keywords: Costs of ViolenceDomestic ViolenceEconomics of CrimeFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women, Girls |
Author: TNS Opinion & Social Title: Corruption. Special Eurobarometer 397 Summary: Corruption, whether it takes the form of political corruption, corrupt activities committed by and with organised criminal groups, private-to-private corruption or so-called petty corruption, continues to be one of the biggest challenges facing Europe. While the nature and scope of corruption varies from one EU Member State to another, it harms the EU as a whole by reducing levels of investment, obstructing the fair operation of the Internal Market and having a negative impact on public finances. The economic costs incurred by corruption in the EU are estimated to amount to around EUR 120 billion annually. Corruption can also undermine trust in democratic institutions and weaken the accountability of political leadership. Moreover, it enables organised crime groups to use corruption to commit other serious crimes, such as trafficking in drugs and human beings. The EU is strongly committed to fighting corruption. The 2003 Framework Decision on combating corruption in the private sector aims to criminalise both active and passive bribery in all Member States. With the adoption of the Stockholm Programme, the Commission has been given a political mandate to measure efforts in the fight against corruption and to develop a comprehensive EU anti-corruption policy. In June 2011, the Commission set up a mechanism for the periodic assessment of EU States' efforts in the fight against corruption ('EU Anti-Corruption Report'), which could help create the necessary momentum for firmer political commitment by all decisionmakers in the EU. The reporting mechanism assesses the anti-corruption efforts of EU Member States and encourages peer learning and exchanges of good practice. Previous Eurobarometer surveys (in 2005 , 2007 , 2009 and 2011 ) highlighted the fact that the majority of Europeans believed that corruption was a major problem for their country and existed in institutions at every level. The majority also felt that EU institutions had a problem with corruption. The financial crisis that first hit the global economy in 2007 and plunged Europe into financial crisis in early 2008 threatens heavily debt-ridden countries such as Greece, Portugal and Spain. The worsening debt crisis has forced EU governments to adopt harsh austerity measures and tough economic reforms. Many Europeans have lost their jobs and unemployment is particularly acute among young people. Details: Brussels: European Commission, 2014. 230p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2017 at: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_397_en.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_397_en.pdf Shelf Number: 131985 Keywords: Corruption Economics of CrimeOrganized Crime Political Corruption |
Author: Murphy, Tommy E. Title: Following the Poppy Trail: Causes and Consequences of Mexican Drug Cartels Summary: We study the historical origins and consequences of Mexican cartels. We first trace the location of current cartels to the location of Chinese migration at the beginning of the XX century, and document that both events are strongly connected. We then use Chinese presence in 1930 as an instrument for cartel presence today. We find a positive link between cartel presence and good socioeconomic outcomes, such as lower marginalization rates, lower illiteracy rates, higher salaries, and better public services. We also report that municipalities with cartel presence have higher tax revenues and more political competition. Given that Chinese immigration at the end of the century was driven by elements largely exogenous to the drug trade, the link between cartel presence and good socioeconomic outcomes can be interpreted in a causal way. Previous research has shown that the presence of organized crime is associated with bad outcomes at the macro level (Pinotti, 2015) and has deep effects at individual level, making children more likely to be criminals in adulthood (Sviatschi, 2017a; 2017b). Our paper reconciles this previous literature with the fact that drug lords, the leaders of this particular form of organized crime, have great support in the local communities in which they operate. Details: Buenos Aires, Argentina: Universidad de San Andres, 2017. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2018 at: ftp://webacademicos.udesa.edu.ar/pub/econ/doc130.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Mexico URL: ftp://webacademicos.udesa.edu.ar/pub/econ/doc130.pdf Shelf Number: 148851 Keywords: Drug CartelsDrug TraffickingDrug-Related ViolenceEconomics of CrimeOpium Poppy CultivationOrganized CrimeSocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Fenizia, Alessandra Title: Breaking the Ties between the Mafia and the State: Evidence from Italian Municipalities Summary: The impact of organized crime on local economies is inherently hard to measure due to the lack of exogenous variation in criminal activity and data quality. I address these challenges by exploiting the timing of the dismissal of public elected officials in Italian municipalities (when the city council is found to be infiltrated by mafia) as a source of plausibly exogenous variation, and by combining this approach with the use of large administrative datasets. I document that the three external commissioners temporarily cut public investment and public procurement. I find that connected firms experience a sharp reduction in the probability of winning a call for bidders after the takeover. Higher exit rates and the lower number of public procurement contracts awarded only partially explain this sharp drop; overall my findings are consistent with stigma being associated to connected firms and lasting longer than takeover itself. I do not find any evidence that this policy negatively impacts local formal businesses and workers. More specifically, I find suggestive evidence of more churning in the economy, and I do not detect any negative consequences for local workers in terms of employment. Details: Berkeley, CA: UC Berkeley, Department of Economics, 2018. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Preliminary Draft: Accessed February 21, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3105798 Year: 2018 Country: Italy URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3105798 Shelf Number: 149203 Keywords: Economics of CrimeMafia Organized Crime |
Author: Hombrados, Jorge Garcia Title: What Is the Causal Effect of Poverty on Property Crime? Evidence from Chile Summary: In February 27th 2010, an earthquake Richter magnitude 8.8 affects the south of Chile leading to increases in poverty rates in municipalities of the south and the center of Chile. This study exploits the variation in the exposure of Chilean municipalities to this exogenous income shock combining instrumental variables and spatial panel econometric models to investigate the causal effect of poverty on property crime at the municipality level in Chile. Preliminary results show that once endogeneity and spatial dependence are accounted for, poverty has a strong and significant effect on property crime, measured as incidence of car thefts. A 10 percentage points increase in poverty incidence increases in 54 the number of car thefts per 100,000 inhabitants. Furthermore, the study shows that the incidence of property crime of a municipality is not only affected by its poverty level but also by the level of poverty in neighbour municipalities. The significance of the effect of poverty on property crime is robust to alternative specifications, econometric models and to other robustness checks. Details: Unpublished paper, 2015. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2018 at: http://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/53025/lacea2015_effect_poverty_property_crime.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2015 Country: Chile URL: http://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/53025/lacea2015_effect_poverty_property_crime.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 149271 Keywords: Automobile TheftCar TheftsEconomics of CrimePoverty and CrimeProperty CrimeSocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeVehicle Theft |
Author: Americans for Responsible Solutions Title: The Economic Cost of Gun Violence in Ohio: A Business Case for Action Summary: Ohio's business community is severely impacted by the negative economic consequences of gun violence. Shootings engender fear in the affected neighborhood that keeps potential customers away, forces businesses to relocate or limit their hours of operation, and decreases foreign and local tourism. In too many parts of the state, the number of shootings is moving in the wrong direction, trending toward violence and death. In 2016, the Cleveland area endured its deadliest year in more than a decade, with 139 gun homicides and more than 500 nonfatal shootings. Details: San Francisco: Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, 2017. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 13, 2018 at: http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/The-Economic-Cost-of-Gun-Violence-in-Ohio.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/The-Economic-Cost-of-Gun-Violence-in-Ohio.pdf Shelf Number: 149447 Keywords: Costs of CrimeEconomics of CrimeGun ViolenceGun-Related ViolenceHomicides |
Author: San Francisco Child Abuse Prevention Center Title: The Economics of Child Abuse: A Study of San Francisco Summary: "The Economics of Child Abuse: A Study of San Francisco" is a first-of-its-kind report quantifying the economic cost of child abuse to the San Francisco community. The report asses community risk factors that make families of the city vulnerable to abuse. It also discusses protective factors which keep families safe and strong. Key Findings -- Estimated lifetime cost per victim of child abuse in San Francisco is $400,533 - The total estimated costs associated with one year of substantiated cases of child abuse in San Francisco is $301.6 million. - Given significant under-reporting of child abuse, the total economic cost could be as high as $5.6 billion. - San Francisco has community risk factors that make its residents more susceptible to abuse, including: impact of economic instability and homelessness, emigration and immigration, low number of families and young children. - Strengthening protective factors - parental resilience, social connections, concrete support in times of need, knowledge of parenting, and social / emotional competence of children - is critical to preventing child abuse. Details: San Francisco: The Child Abuse Prevention Center, and the Haas School of Business at University of California, Berkeley, 2017. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed March 14, 2018 at: https://safeandsound.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/economicsofabuse_report_sfcapc1.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://safeandsound.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/economicsofabuse_report_sfcapc1.pdf Shelf Number: 149468 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild ProtectionCosts of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of CrimeHealth Care |
Author: Brazil. Secretary General Title: Custos Economicos da Criminalidade No Brasil Summary: - Brazil is among the top 10% of countries with the highest homicide rates in the world - despite having a population equivalent to 3% of the world population, the country accounts for about 14% of all homicides in the world. Brazilian homicide rates are similar to those in Rwanda, the Dominican Republic, South Africa and Democratic Republic of the Congo. - There have been three distinct times in the number of homicides in Brazil in the last 20 years. In the first period, from 1996 to 2003, there was an increase, from 35 thousand to 48 thousand homicides per year. In the subsequent period, between 2003 and 2007, there was a 48 thousand to 44 thousand victims a year. Finally, as of 2008, there was a further increase in the number of victims, although at a slower pace than before 2003, reaching 54 thousand in 2015. - Homicide rates are highly heterogeneous in the country. Some microregions, especially that of Sao Paulo, which has the largest population, has homicide rates close to 10 per 100 thousand inhabitants. On the other hand, some North-Northeast, such as Belem, Salvador, Fortaleza and Sao Luis, as well as the micro-region of the Surroundings of the Federal District, have homicide rates above 50 per 100 thousand inhabitants, which would place them at levels of some of the world's most violent countries, such as Jamaica, Venezuela and Honduras. - The evolution in homicide rates in the last decade was also significantly with a declining trend in homicide rates in the Southeast and increase in the North-Northeast. - It is estimated that, for each homicide of 13- to 25-year-olds, the present value of loss of productive capacity is about 550 thousand reais. The cumulative loss of productive capacity resulting from homicides, between 1996 and 2015, surpassed 450 billion reais. - The economic costs of crime increased substantially between 1996 and 2015, from about 113 billion reais to 285 billion reais. This is equivalent to an average real increase of about 4.5% per year. By 2015, the components, in order of relevance were: public security (1.35% of GDP); private security (from Google Translations) Details: Brasilia: Secretary General, 2018. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: RELATORIO DE CONJUNTURA No. 4: Accessed June 27, 2018 at: http://www.secretariageral.gov.br/estrutura/secretaria_de_assuntos_estrategicos/publicacoes-e-analise/relatorios-de-conjuntura/custos_economicos_criminalidade_brasil.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.secretariageral.gov.br/estrutura/secretaria_de_assuntos_estrategicos/publicacoes-e-analise/relatorios-de-conjuntura/custos_economicos_criminalidade_brasil.pdf Shelf Number: 150714 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCrime StatisticsEconomics of CrimeHomicidesViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: PriceWaterhouseCoopers Title: The economic impacts of potential illegal phoenix activity Summary: Over the four financial years of 2012-13 to 2015-16, more than a million Australian businesses ceased operating. Of those, 36,532 were business failures resulting in insolvency with an external administrator appointed. In most cases, these may have been legitimate and honest commercial failures; in other cases these failures may have been deliberate. The deliberate and systematic liquidation of a corporate trading entity which occurs with the intention to avoid liabilities and continue the operation and profit taking of the business through other trading entities is known as illegal phoenix activity. Phoenix companies arise from the 'ashes' of a collapse of a commercial entity, leaving behind a trail of avoided outstanding payments to tax authorities, creditors, businesses, customers and employees. The Inter-Agency Phoenix Taskforce has been established by Australian government authorities to address the actions of 'potential illegal phoenix activities' in a nationally coordinated manner. The Inter-Agency Phoenix Taskforce is made up of all government agencies (29 agency members including State and Territory Revenue Offices as at June 2018) that have an interest or role in monitoring and addressing potential illegal phoenix activity. The Taskforce has two broad functions; intelligence sharing and strategic oversight of agencies activities. These roles have been established with a view to jointly identify, manage and monitor suspected illegal phoenix activity. While Taskforce members have participated in compliance and monitoring activities to combat illegal phoenix activities for some time, for most of that time there has not been an intelligence tool to assist in defining the potential illegal phoenix population where Taskforce activities could be targeted. The establishment of the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) Phoenix Risk Model (PRM) has been a key progression in this area as it allows for the identification of the potential illegal phoenix population, including a better understanding of the incidence and cost associated with this activity. Significant advancement in measuring potential illegal phoenix activity has been achieved through the development of the PRM and better information sharing through the establishment of the Taskforce. Despite this, there remains a broad range of the direct costs4 and total economy-wide impacts , which suggests that more can be done to establish the true cost of potential illegal phoenix activity. This report presents two separate groups of impacts resulting from the activity of potential phoenix organisations. These impacts are: direct costs and economy-wide impacts. These groups of impacts are not interchangeable, consider differing types of costs to the economy and are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, these groups of impacts should be considered separately. Details: Sydney: PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2018. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed August 8, 2018 at: https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/ITX/downloads/The_economic_impacts_of_potential_illegal_Phoenix_activity.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/ITX/downloads/The_economic_impacts_of_potential_illegal_Phoenix_activity.pdf Shelf Number: 151086 Keywords: Costs of Crime Economics of CrimeFinancial Crime Tax Evasion |
Author: Aboal, Diego Title: Los costos del crimen en Uruguay Summary: In this paper we estimate some of the costs associated with crime and violence in Uruguay. The method used is that of cost accounting. Considered costs include security and prevention of crime, justice, imprisonment and rehabilitation of inmates, costs of stolen property, health costs and loss of lives as a result of the violence and costs associated with the loss of productive time in prison of the inmates. For this we have used a variety of sources of information and methodologies. Even though we have covered a significant range of costs, we have not covered the universe of them due to information limitations. Therefore, our estimates should be interpreted as a minimum level. The total cost estimated for 2010 reaches 4% of Uruguay's GDP. Details: Centro de Investigaciones Economicas - Uruguay, 2013. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Comunicaciones/Jornadas%20de%20Economa/t_campanella_jorge_2014.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Uruguay URL: https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Comunicaciones/Jornadas%20de%20Economa/t_campanella_jorge_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 151501 Keywords: Costs of CrimeCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics of Crime |
Author: Aboal, Diego Title: Los costos del crimen en Paraguay Summary: The objective of this paper is to measure the costs associated with crime and violence in Paraguay For this, the methodology of cost accounting and a wide range of information sources. The results for the year 2010 indicate that the annual costs are close to 9% of GDP, which represents approximately 1,765 million dollars. Between The costs considered in this work include those of security and crime prevention, justice, costs of stolen goods, health costs and loss of life as a result of the violence and costs associated with corruption. Details: CINVE (Uruguay) - Instituto Desarrollo (Paraguay), 2013. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 7, 2018 at: http://desarrollo.org.py/admin/app/webroot/pdf/publications/30-09-2015-15-03-18-1776050928.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Paraguay URL: http://desarrollo.org.py/admin/app/webroot/pdf/publications/30-09-2015-15-03-18-1776050928.pdf Shelf Number: 153345 Keywords: Corruption Costs of Crime Economics of Crime |
Author: Smith, Russell G. Title: Estimating the costs of serious and organised crime in Australia 201617 Summary: This report estimates the cost of serious and organised crime in Australia in 2016-17 to be between $23.8b and $47.4b. The report updates the Australian Crime Commission's estimates for 2013-14, given there have been some major developments in the available baseline data, and some further attempts to improve the costing methodology. As with the previous study, this paper considers the direct and consequential costs of serious and organised crime, as well as the costs associated with preventing and responding to serious and organised crime by government entities, businesses and individuals/households. Although costing methodologies are improving, there remains an ongoing need for government and business to collect better and more comprehensive data on how serious and organised crime affects their operations. It is clear, however, that the economic impact of serious and organised crime on the economy is substantial and growing. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2018. Source: Internet Resource: Statistical Report 09: Accessed November 13, 2018 at: https://aic.gov.au/publications/sr/sr09 Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://aic.gov.au/publications/sr/sr09 Shelf Number: 153413 Keywords: Costs of Crime Economics of CrimeOrganized Crime |
Author: Bindler, Anna Title: Scaring or Scarring? Labour Market Effects of Criminal Victimisation Summary: Little is known about the costs of crime to victims and their families. In this paper, we use unique and detailed register data on victimisations and labour market outcomes from the Netherlands to overcome data restrictions previously met in the literature and estimate event-study designs to assess the short- and long-term effects of criminal victimisation. Our results show significant decreases in earnings (6.6-9.3%) and increases in the days of benefit receipt (10.4-14.7%) which are lasting up to eight years after victimisation. We find shorter-lived responses in health expenditure. Additional analyses suggest that the victimisation can be interpreted as an escalation point, potentially triggering subsequent adverse life-events which contribute to its persistent impact. Heterogeneity analyses show that the effects are slightly larger for males regarding earnings and significantly larger for females regarding benefits. These differences appear to be largely (but not completely) driven by different offence characteristics. Lastly, we investigate spill-over effects on nonvictimised partners and find evidence for a spill-over effect of violent threat on the partner's earnings. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2019. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper no. 12082: Accessed February 4, 2019 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp12082.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Netherlands URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp12082.pdf Shelf Number: 154478 Keywords: Criminal Victimization Economics of CrimeLabor Markets Victims of Crime |
Author: United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF Title: The Economic Burden of Violence Against Children in Nigeria Summary: The 2014 National Survey on Violence Against Children in Nigeria (NVACS) indicates that violence in childhood makes men and women significantly more likely to engage in risky behaviours (i.e alcoholism, smoking, drugs abuse), experience negative health outcomes (like mental illnesses, Sexually Transmitted Infection's including HIV) or/and drop out from school. International research has also confirmed that violence of any kind experienced in childhood has a life-long negative impact on the individual's physical, psychological and cognitive development and consequently, affects entire communities and nations by diminishing their human capital. The fact that the human capital is considered the most critical capital in economic development, The Federal Government under the leadership of the Ministry of Budget and National Planning and in collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development and UNICEF engaged a renowned scholar in this field, Professor Xiang Ming Fang, Professor of Health Economics at Georgia State University and previously Senior Health Economist with the Division of Violence Prevention at the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) to interrogate the economic burden of Violence Against Children in Nigeria, by estimating the size of the economic burden of VAC and to analyse the index causes using the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY). The estimate calculates both the years of fully productive life lost to mortality and morbidity caused by VAC and the subsequent economic value of this loss of productivity. These estimations paint a clear picture of the significant impact that VAC has on Nigerian children, and the economic burden on the country as a whole. In summary, this report provides the evidence, especially the economic justification that is needed to prioritize child protection services, especially those that will lead to elimination of violence against children, recognizing the need to arrest the build-up of risks and vulnerabilities throughout the life cycle as associated with the adverse health, education and productivity effects of VAC. I therefore join other stakeholders that make a case that sufficient attention should be place on arresting the negative and avoidable build up that has serious economic cost, human capital development and lifelong impacts associated with VAC. With the current ranking of the country on the Global Human Capital Development Index there is no better opportunity than now to create a fiscal space for child protection especially to specific preventive Child Protection programmes and services. I recommend this report as it provides us with veritable answers to questions that must be asked before budgetary apportionment and expenditures is made. It is also well aligned to the strategic objectives set out in the Economic Recovery and Growth Plans, under "the investing in our people" pillar. We as a people must not only improve the lives of the present generation but also our future generations. Details: Abuja, Nigeria: Author, 2019. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2019 at: https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media/2216/file Year: 2019 Country: Nigeria URL: https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media/2216/file Shelf Number: 155621 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild ProtectionChild Sexual AbuseEconomic AnalysisEconomics of CrimeEconomics of ViolenceViolence Against Children |